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Estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects is an active area of research. Most of the existing methods, however, focus on estimating the conditional average treatment effects of a single, binary treatment given a set of pre-treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-30 Max Goplerud , Kosuke Imai , Nicole E. Pashley

Heterogeneity in efficacy is sometimes observed across baskets in basket trials. In this study, we propose a model-free clustering framework that groups baskets based on transition probabilities derived from the trajectories of treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-05 Masahiro Kojima , Keisuke Hanada , Atsuya Sato

The paper proposes an estimator to make inference of heterogeneous treatment effects sorted by impact groups (GATES) for non-randomised experiments. The groups can be understood as a broader aggregation of the conditional average treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-03-30 Daniel Jacob

Discovering subgroups with the maximum average treatment effect is crucial for targeted decision making in domains such as precision medicine, public policy, and education. While most prior work is formulated in the potential outcome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Lincen Yang , Zhong Li , Matthijs van Leeuwen , Saber Salehkaleybar

The causal effect of a treatment can vary from person to person based on their individual characteristics and predispositions. Mining for patterns of individual-level effect differences, a problem known as heterogeneous treatment effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Christopher Tran , Elena Zheleva

Within the field of causal inference, we consider the problem of estimating heterogeneous treatment effects from data. We propose and validate a novel approach for learning feature representations to aid the estimation of the conditional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-23 Michael C. Burkhart , Gabriel Ruiz

When treating depression, clinicians are interested in determining the optimal treatment for a given patient, which is challenging given the amount of treatments available. To advance individualized treatment allocation, integrating data…

We address the estimation of conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) for structured treatments (e.g., graphs, images, texts). Given a weak condition on the effect, we propose the generalized Robinson decomposition, which (i) isolates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Jean Kaddour , Yuchen Zhu , Qi Liu , Matt J. Kusner , Ricardo Silva

This review provides a systematic overview of methods that combine covariate-based clustering of observational units (patients) with outcome models for clinical studies. We distinguish between informed-cluster models, where the outcome…

Adapting machine learning algorithms to better handle the presence of clusters or batch effects within training datasets is important across a wide variety of biological applications. This article considers the effect of ensembling Random…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-01 Maya Ramchandran , Rajarshi Mukherjee , Giovanni Parmigiani

Statisticians show growing interest in estimating and analyzing heterogeneity in causal effects in observational studies. However, there usually exists a trade-off between accuracy and interpretability for developing a desirable estimator…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-26 Steven Siwei Ye , Yanzhen Chen , Oscar Hernan Madrid Padilla

Clustering and dependence are common in trials. For example, in some cluster randomized trials (CRTs), pre-existing clusters are enrolled, randomized, and serve as the basis of intervention delivery. Such CRTs are "fully clustered":…

Due to the complexity of cancer, clustering algorithms have been used to disentangle the observed heterogeneity and identify cancer subtypes that can be treated specifically. While kernel based clustering approaches allow the use of more…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-21 Nora K. Speicher , Nico Pfeifer

Many scientific and engineering challenges -- ranging from personalized medicine to customized marketing recommendations -- require an understanding of treatment effect heterogeneity. In this paper, we develop a non-parametric causal forest…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-11 Stefan Wager , Susan Athey

A new meta-algorithm for estimating the conditional average treatment effects is proposed in the paper. The main idea underlying the algorithm is to consider a new dataset consisting of feature vectors produced by means of concatenation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-10 Lev V. Utkin , Mikhail V. Kots , Viacheslav S. Chukanov

Estimating a unit's responses to interventions with an associated dose, the "conditional average dose response" (CADR), is relevant in a variety of domains, from healthcare to business, economics, and beyond. Such a response typically needs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Christopher Bockel-Rickermann , Toon Vanderschueren , Jeroen Berrevoets , Tim Verdonck , Wouter Verbeke

A new matching method is proposed for the estimation of the average treatment effect of social policy interventions (e.g., training programs or health care measures). Given an outcome variable, a treatment and a set of pre-treatment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Stefano Iacus , Giuseppe Porro

Treatment effect estimation is a fundamental problem in causal inference. We focus on designing efficient randomized controlled trials, to accurately estimate the effect of some treatment on a population of $n$ individuals. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Raghavendra Addanki , David Arbour , Tung Mai , Cameron Musco , Anup Rao

Detecting heterogeneity in treatment response enriches the interpretation of gerontologic trials. In aging research, estimating the effect of the intervention on clinically meaningful outcomes faces analytical challenges when it is…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-08 Changjun Li , Heather Allore , Michael O. Harhay , Fan Li , Guangyu Tong

To estimate the causal effect of an endogenous treatment using clustered data, the canonical two-stage least squares (2sls) estimates a linear regression of the outcome on treatment status using an instrumental variable (IV) and conducts…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-03 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Fan Li