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Encoding quantum information to protect it from errors is essential for performing large-scale quantum computations. Performing a universal set of quantum gates on encoded states demands a potentially large resource overhead and minimizing…

We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state $|0\rangle$ computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-07 Sergei Bravyi , Alexei Kitaev

Magic state distillation (MSD) is a cornerstone of fault-tolerant quantum computing, enabling non-Clifford gates via state injection into stabilizer circuits. However, the substantial overhead of current MSD protocols remains a major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Muhammad Erew , Moshe Goldstein , Yaron Oz , Haim Suchowski

We construct a class of topological quantum codes to perform quantum entanglement distillation. These codes implement the whole Clifford group of unitary operations in a fully topological manner and without selective addressing of qubits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 H. Bombin , M. A. Martin-Delgado

Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires high-fidelity logical magic states for implementing non-Clifford operations. Magic-state cultivation provides a lower-overhead route to logical magic-state preparation, but its efficiency is limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Dongmin Kim , Jeonggeun Seo , Aniket Patra , Youngsun Han

We construct quantum codes that support transversal $CCZ$ gates over qudits of arbitrary prime power dimension $q$ (including $q=2$) such that the code dimension and distance grow linearly in the block length. The only previously known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-20 Louis Golowich , Venkatesan Guruswami

Magic state distillation is a crucial component in the leading approaches to implementing universal fault tolerant quantum computation, with existing protocols for both qubit and higher dimensional systems. Early work focused on determining…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-25 Hillary Dawkins , Mark Howard

Qudits offer the potential for low-overhead magic state distillation, although previous results for asymptotically good codes have required qudit dimension $q\gg 100$ or code length $\mathcal{N}\gg 100$. These parameters far exceed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Michael J. Cervia , Henry Lamm , Diyi Liu , Edison M. Murairi , Shuchen Zhu

We introduce group surface codes, which are a natural generalization of the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ surface code, and equivalent to quantum double models of finite groups with specific boundary conditions. We show that group surface codes can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Naren Manjunath , Vieri Mattei , Apoorv Tiwari , Tyler D. Ellison

Rotation gates are widely used in various quantum algorithms. To implement fault-tolerant rotation gates, state distillation or gate synthesis is typically employed. However, the overhead of these schemes scales rapidly with increasing…

One of the leading quantum computing architectures is based on the two-dimensional (2D) surface code. This code has many advantageous properties such as a high error threshold and a planar layout of physical qubits where each physical qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-06 Michael Vasmer , Dan E. Browne

Universal quantum computation requires the implementation of a logical non-Clifford gate. In this paper, we characterize all stabilizer codes whose code subspaces are preserved under physical $T$ and $T^{-1}$ gates. For example, this could…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Michael Newman , Henry D. Pfister

We show how looped pipeline architectures - which use short-range shuttling of physical qubits to achieve a finite amount of non-local connectivity - can be used to efficiently implement the fault-tolerant non-Clifford gate between 2D…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Thomas R. Scruby , Kae Nemoto , Zhenyu Cai

A set of stabilizer operations augmented by some special initial states known as 'magic states', gives the possibility of universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, magic state preparation inevitably involves nonideal operations…

Magic state distillation uses special codes to suppress errors in input states, which are often tailored to a Clifford-twirled error model. We present detailed measurement sequences for magic state distillation protocols which can suppress…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-27 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computers will require the use of efficient protocols to implement encoded operations necessary in the execution of algorithms. In this work, we show how solvers for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-11 Noah Shutty , Christopher Chamberland

The development of quantum computing systems for large scale algorithms requires targeted error rates unachievable through hardware advancements alone. Quantum Error Correction (QEC) allows us to use systems with a large number of physical…

Quantum information science strives to leverage the quantum-mechanical nature of our universe in order to achieve large improvements in certain information processing tasks. In deep-space optical communications, current receivers for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-16 Narayanan Rengaswamy

Determining the best attainable threshold for qudit magic state distillation is directly related to the question of whether or not contextuality is sufficient for universal quantum computation. We show that the performance of a qudit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Shiroman Prakash , Rishabh Singhal

Magic state distillation is a key component of fault-tolerant quantum computation, as it enables the implementation of non-Clifford gates such as the $T$ gate and the $CCZ$ gate via gate teleportation. However, conventional distillation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Tomohiro Itogawa , Yutaka Hirano , Yutaro Akahoshi , Keisuke Fujii