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Sign languages are visual languages which convey information by signers' handshape, facial expression, body movement, and so forth. Due to the inherent restriction of combinations of these visual ingredients, there exist a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Ronglai Zuo , Fangyun Wei , Brian Mak

Traditional evaluation metrics for textual and visual question answering, like ROUGE, METEOR, and Exact Match (EM), focus heavily on n-gram based lexical similarity, often missing the deeper semantic understanding needed for accurate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Shrikant Kendre , Austin Xu , Honglu Zhou , Michael Ryoo , Shafiq Joty , Juan Carlos Niebles

In this paper, we propose a method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. While the problem of securing word-level embeddings is very well studied, we propose a novel method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. This is obtained by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Badri N. Patro , Vinod K. Kurmi , Sandeep Kumar , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Evaluating natural language generation models, particularly for method name prediction, poses significant challenges. A robust metric must account for the versatility of method naming, considering both semantic and syntactic variations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Ravil Mussabayev

Generative recommendation models sequence generation to produce items end-to-end, but training from behavioral logs often provides weak supervision on underlying user intent. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) offer rich semantic priors…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jie Jiang , Hongbo Tang , Wenjie Wu , Yangru Huang , Zhenmao Li , Qian Li , Changping Wang , Jun Zhang , Huan Yu

Sentence embedding techniques aim to encode key concepts of a sentence's meaning in a vector space. However, the majority of evaluation approaches for sentence embedding quality rely on the use of additional classifiers or downstream tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Paul Keuren , Marc Ponsen , Robert Ayoub Bagheri

Text summarization models are often trained to produce summaries that meet human quality requirements. However, the existing evaluation metrics for summary text are only rough proxies for summary quality, suffering from low correlation with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Wuhang Lin , Shasha Li , Chen Zhang , Bin Ji , Jie Yu , Jun Ma , Zibo Yi

This study explores using embedding rank as an unsupervised evaluation metric for general-purpose speech encoders trained via self-supervised learning (SSL). Traditionally, assessing the performance of these encoders is resource-intensive…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-22 Zakaria Aldeneh , Vimal Thilak , Takuya Higuchi , Barry-John Theobald , Tatiana Likhomanenko

Assessing the degree of semantic relatedness between words is an important task with a variety of semantic applications, such as ontology learning for the Semantic Web, semantic search or query expansion. To accomplish this in an automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Thomas Niebler , Martin Becker , Christian Pölitz , Andreas Hotho

With hundreds of multilingual embedding models available, practitioners lack clear guidance on which provide genuine cross-lingual semantic alignment versus task performance through language-specific patterns. Task-driven benchmarks (MTEB)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Wen G. Gong

In this work, we explore a useful but often neglected methodology for robustness analysis of text generation evaluation metrics: stress tests with synthetic data. Basically, we design and synthesize a wide range of potential errors and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Tianxing He , Jingyu Zhang , Tianle Wang , Sachin Kumar , Kyunghyun Cho , James Glass , Yulia Tsvetkov

A new metric \texttt{BaryScore} to evaluate text generation based on deep contextualized embeddings e.g., BERT, Roberta, ELMo) is introduced. This metric is motivated by a new framework relying on optimal transport tools, i.e., Wasserstein…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Chloe Clavel , Pablo Piantanida

Current approaches to learning semantic representations of sentences often use prior word-level knowledge. The current study aims to leverage visual information in order to capture sentence level semantics without the need for word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Danny Merkx , Stefan Frank

Sign Language Production (SLP) aims to generate sign videos corresponding to spoken language sentences, where the conversion of sign Glosses to Poses (G2P) is the key step. Due to the cross-modal semantic gap and the lack of word-action…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Xu Wang , Shengeng Tang , Peipei Song , Shuo Wang , Dan Guo , Richang Hong

This paper addresses the problem of automatic speech recognition (ASR) error detection and their use for improving spoken language understanding (SLU) systems. In this study, the SLU task consists in automatically extracting, from ASR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Edwin Simonnet , Sahar Ghannay , Nathalie Camelin , Yannick Estève , Renato De Mori

Most sentence embedding techniques heavily rely on expensive human-annotated sentence pairs as the supervised signals. Despite the use of large-scale unlabeled data, the performance of unsupervised methods typically lags far behind that of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Yiming Chen , Yan Zhang , Bin Wang , Zuozhu Liu , Haizhou Li

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a core component of human--computer interaction and an increasingly important front-end for LLM-based assistants and agents. However, most current ASR systems still follow a single-pass paradigm, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zixuan Jiang , Yanqiao Zhu , Peng Wang , Qinyuan Chen , Xinjian Zhao , Xipeng Qiu , Wupeng Wang , Zhifu Gao , Xiangang Li , Kai Yu , Xie Chen

A recent line of research on automated speaking assessment (ASA) has benefited from self-supervised learning (SSL) representations, which capture rich acoustic and linguistic patterns in non-native speech without underlying assumptions of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Tien-Hong Lo , Szu-Yu Chen , Yao-Ting Sung , Berlin Chen

Continuous sign language recognition (SLR) deals with unaligned video-text pair and uses the word error rate (WER), i.e., edit distance, as the main evaluation metric. Since it is not differentiable, we usually instead optimize the learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Junfu Pu , Wengang Zhou , Hezhen Hu , Houqiang Li

Developers of text generation models rely on automated evaluation metrics as a stand-in for slow and expensive manual evaluations. However, image captioning metrics have struggled to give accurate learned estimates of the semantic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Mert İnan , Piyush Sharma , Baber Khalid , Radu Soricut , Matthew Stone , Malihe Alikhani
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