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The escalating frequency of cyber-attacks poses significant challenges for organisations, particularly small enterprises constrained by limited in-house expertise, insufficient knowledge, and financial resources. This research presents a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Emad Sherif , Iryna Yevseyeva , Vitor Basto-Fernandes , Allan Cook

Software vulnerabilities remain a persistent risk, yet static and dynamic analyses often overlook structural dependencies that shape insecure behaviors. Viewing programs as heterogeneous graphs, we capture control- and data-flow relations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jugal Gajjar , Kaustik Ranaware , Kamalasankari Subramaniakuppusamy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in automated software security, particularly in vulnerability detection. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on isolated, single-vulnerability samples or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Chinmay Pushkar , Sanchit Kabra , Dhruv Kumar , Jagat Sesh Challa

Recently, pretrained language models have shown state-of-the-art performance on the vulnerability detection task. These models are pretrained on a large corpus of source code, then fine-tuned on a smaller supervised vulnerability dataset.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Shaila Sharmin , Wei Le

Training machine learning approaches for vulnerability identification and producing reliable tools to assist developers in implementing quality software -- free of vulnerabilities -- is challenging due to the lack of large datasets and real…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Sofia Reis , Rui Abreu

Recently, ChatGPT has attracted great attention from the code analysis domain. Prior works show that ChatGPT has the capabilities of processing foundational code analysis tasks, such as abstract syntax tree generation, which indicates the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Peiyu Liu , Junming Liu , Lirong Fu , Kangjie Lu , Yifan Xia , Xuhong Zhang , Wenzhi Chen , Haiqin Weng , Shouling Ji , Wenhai Wang

The increasing deployment of large language models in security-sensitive domains necessitates rigorous evaluation of their resilience against adversarial prompt-based attacks. While previous benchmarks have focused on security evaluations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Huining Cui , Wei Liu

ExploitDB is one of the important public websites, which contributes a large number of vulnerabilities to official CVE database. Over 60\% of these vulnerabilities have high- or critical-security risks. Unfortunately, over 73\% of exploits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Jiamou Sun , Zhenchang Xing , Hao Guo , Deheng Ye , Xiaohong Li , Xiwei Xu , Liming Zhu

Machine learning and Large language models (LLMs) for vulnerability detection has received significant attention in recent years. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art techniques show that LLMs are unsuccessful in even distinguishing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mohammed Sayagh , Mohammad Ghafari

Software security vulnerabilities allow attackers to perform malicious activities to disrupt software operations. Recent Transformer-based language models have significantly advanced vulnerability detection, surpassing the capabilities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Aidan Z. H. Yang , Haoye Tian , He Ye , Ruben Martins , Claire Le Goues

Software security vulnerabilities can lead to severe consequences, making early detection essential. Although code review serves as a critical defense mechanism against security flaws, relevant feedback remains scarce due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zixiao Zhao , Yanjie Jiang , Hui Liu , Kui Liu , Lu Zhang

Despite the successes of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) based vulnerability detectors (VD), they are limited to providing only the decision on whether a given code is vulnerable or not, without details on what part of the code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Yi Li , Shaohua Wang , Tien N. Nguyen

Monitoring the threat landscape to be aware of actual or potential attacks is of utmost importance to cybersecurity professionals. Information about cyber threats is typically distributed using natural language reports. Natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Lukas Lange , Marc Müller , Ghazaleh Haratinezhad Torbati , Dragan Milchevski , Patrick Grau , Subhash Pujari , Annemarie Friedrich

Source code vulnerability detection aims to identify inherent vulnerabilities to safeguard software systems from potential attacks. Many prior studies overlook diverse vulnerability characteristics, simplifying the problem into a binary…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Shangqing Liu , Wei Ma , Jian Wang , Xiaofei Xie , Ruitao Feng , Yang Liu

Software security is becoming a high priority for both large companies and start-ups alike due to the increasing potential for harm that vulnerabilities and breaches carry with them. However, attaining robust security assurance while…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-06 David N. Palacio , Daniel McCrystal , Kevin Moran , Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas , Denys Poshyvanyk , Chris Shenefiel

The sources of reliable, code-level information about vulnerabilities that affect open-source software (OSS) are scarce, which hinders a broad adoption of advanced tools that provide code-level detection and assessment of vulnerable OSS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Therese Fehrer , Rocío Cabrera Lozoya , Antonino Sabetta , Dario Di Nucci , Damian A. Tamburri

The relentless process of tracking and remediating vulnerabilities is a top concern for cybersecurity professionals. The key challenge is trying to identify a remediation scheme specific to in-house, organizational objectives. Without a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Corren McCoy , Ross Gore , Michael L. Nelson , Michele C. Weigle

The increasing reliance of software projects on third-party libraries has raised concerns about the security of these libraries due to hidden vulnerabilities. Managing these vulnerabilities is challenging due to the time gap between fixes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Son Nguyen , Thanh Trong Vu , Hieu Dinh Vo

Software Engineering researchers are increasingly using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to automate Software Vulnerabilities (SVs) assessment using the descriptions in public repositories. However, the existing NLP-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Triet H. M. Le , Bushra Sabir , M. Ali Babar

Large Language Models (LLMs), characterized by being trained on broad amounts of data in a self-supervised manner, have shown impressive performance across a wide range of tasks. Indeed, their generative abilities have aroused interest on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jorge García-Carrasco , Alejandro Maté , Juan Trujillo
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