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A pivotal task for quantum computing is to speed up solving problems that are both classically intractable and practically valuable. Among these, combinatorial optimization problems have attracted tremendous attention due to their broad…

Quantum annealing is a heuristic algorithm for searching the ground state of an Ising model. Heuristic algorithms aim to obtain near-optimal solutions with a reasonable computation time. Accordingly, many algorithms have so far been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 Shuntaro Okada , Masayuki Ohzeki

The emergence of specialized optimization hardware such as CMOS annealers and adiabatic quantum computers carries the promise of solving hard combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently in hardware. Recent work has focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Eldan Cohen , Avradip Mandal , Hayato Ushijima-Mwesigwa , Arnab Roy

Ising solvers offer a promising physics-based approach to tackle the challenging class of combinatorial optimization problems. However, typical solvers operate in a quadratic energy space, having only pair-wise coupling elements which…

A promising paradigm of quantum computing for achieving practical quantum advantages is quantum annealing or quantum approximate optimization algorithm, where the classical problems are encoded in Ising interactions. However, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-25 Yao Lu , Wentao Chen , Shuaining Zhang , Kuan Zhang , Jialiang Zhang , Jing-Ning Zhang , Kihwan Kim

The mining in physics and biology for accelerating the hardcore algorithm to solve non-deterministic polynomial (NP) hard problems has inspired a great amount of special-purpose ma-chine models. Ising machine has become an efficient solver…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Wenchen Sun , Wenjia Zhang , Yuanyuan Liu , Qingwen Liu , Zuyuan He

Interest in non-algorithmic, unconventional computing is rising in recent years due to more and more apparent short comings of classic stored-program digital computers, such as energy efficiency, degree of parallelism in computations, clock…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Shrish Roy , Bernd Ulmann

Ising machines (IMs) are specialized devices designed to efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). They consist of artificial spins that evolve towards a low-energy configuration representing a problem's solution. Most…

Frustration, that is, the impossibility of satisfying the energetic preferences between all spin pairs simultaneously, underlies the complexity of many fundamental properties in spin systems, including the computational difficulty in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Zheng-Yang Zhou , Clemens Gneiting , J. Q. You , Franco Nori

We investigate the minimization of Ising Hamiltonians, comparing the performance of gain-based computing paradigms based on the dynamics of semi-classical soft-spin models with quantum annealing. We systematically analyze how the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 James S. Cummins , Hayder Salman , Natalia G. Berloff

Test optimization contains test case selection and minimization, which is an important challenge in software testing and has been addressed with search-based approaches intensively in the past. Inspired by the recent advancement of using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yige Yang , Man Zhang , Tao Yue

The rich non-linear dynamics of the coupled oscillators (under second harmonic injection) can be leveraged to solve computationally hard problems in combinatorial optimization such as finding the ground state of the Ising Hamiltonian. While…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-17 Mohammad Khairul Bashar , Zongli Lin , Nikhil Shukla

Ising machines are purported to be better at solving large-scale combinatorial optimisation problems better than conventional von Neumann computers. However, these Ising machines are widely believed to be heuristics, whose promise is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-08 Sayantan Pramanik , Sourav Chatterjee , Harshkumar Oza

The race to heuristically solve non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP) problems through efficient methods is ongoing. Recently, optics was demonstrated as a promising tool to find the ground state of a spin-glass Ising Hamiltonian, which…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-03-14 Gianni Jacucci , Louis Delloye , Davide Pierangeli , Mushegh Rafayelyan , Claudio Conti , Sylvain Gigan

Recent years have seen significant advances in quantum/quantum-inspired technologies capable of approximately searching for the ground state of Ising spin Hamiltonians. The promise of leveraging such technologies to accelerate the solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-24 Robin Brown , David E. Bernal Neira , Davide Venturelli , Marco Pavone

It is challenging to scale Ising machines for industrial-level problems due to algorithm or hardware limitations. Although higher-order Ising models provide a more compact encoding, they are, however, hard to physically implement. This work…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yunuo Cen , Zhiwei Zhang , Zixuan Wang , Yimin Wang , Xuanyao Fong

Ising machines are next-generation computers expected to efficiently sample near-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are modeled as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Kentaro Ohno , Nozomu Togawa

Recently proposed analog solvers based on dynamical systems, such as Ising machines, are promising platforms for large-scale combinatorial optimization. Yet, given the heuristic nature of the field, there is very limited insight on…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-03-27 Shu Zhou , K. Y. Michael Wong , Juntao Wang , David Shui Wing Hui , Daniel Ebler , Jie Sun

Ising Machines (IMs) are physical systems designed to find solutions to combinatorial optimization (CO) problems mapped onto the IM via the coupling strengths of its binary spins. Using the intrinsic dynamics and different annealing…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Afshin Houshang , Mohammad Zahedinejad , Shreyas Muralidhar , Jakub Checinski , Ahmad A. Awad , Johan Åkerman

Conventional computing architectures have no known efficient algorithms for combinatorial optimization tasks, which are encountered in fundamental areas and real-world practical problems including logistics, social networks, and…