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The current standard theory of the origin of the Moon is that the Earth was hit by a giant impactor the size of Mars causing ejection of iron poor impactor mantle debris that coalesced to form the Moon. But where did this Mars-sized…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 Edward Belbruno , J. Richard Gott

Solar system bodies that lack a significant atmosphere and significant internal magnetic fields, such as the Moon and asteroids, have been considered as passive absorbers of the solar wind. However, ion observations near the Moon by the…

Space Physics · Physics 2010-10-12 M. Holmstrom , M. Wieser , S. Barabash , Y. Futaana , A. Bhardwaj

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the abundances and distribution of S, and the processes that control the behavior of S on the Earth's Moon and on Mercury. The two planetary bodies share notable similarities, such as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-25 Christian J. Renggli , Edgar S. Steenstra , Alberto E. Saal

The catalog of km-sized near-Earth objects (NEOs) is nearly complete. Typical impact monitoring analyses search for possible impacts over the next 100 years and none of the km-sized objects represent an impact threat over that time…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-28 Oscar Fuentes-Muñoz , Daniel J. Scheeres , Davide Farnocchia , Ryan S. Park

While the floors of deep lunar craters are largely shielded from solar radiation and thus provide an ideal thermal environment for water ice accumulation, meteoroids on highly inclined orbits can easily access permanently shadowed regions…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-05-20 Petr Pokorny , Menelaos Sarantos , Diego Janches , Erwan Mazarico

Despite numerous attempts, no exomoon has firmly been confirmed to date. New missions like CHEOPS aim to characterize previously detected exoplanets, and potentially to discover exomoons. In order to optimize search strategies, we need to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-08 V. Dobos , S. Charnoz , A. Pál , A. Roque-Bernard , Gy. M. Szabó

We examine the effects that planetary encounters have on the moon systems of ejected gas giant planets. We conduct a suite of numerical simulations of planetary systems containing three Jupiter-mass planets (with the innermost planet at 3…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-09-26 Ian Rabago , Jason H. Steffen

Exploration of asteroids and comets can give insight into the origins of the solar system and can be instrumental in planetary defence and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Asteroids, due to their low gravity are a challenging target for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-09-12 Himangshu Kalita , Erik Asphaug , Stephen Schwartz , Jekanthan Thangavelautham

The impact cratering record of the Moon and the terrestrial planets provides important clues about the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Especially intriguing is the epoch 3.8-3.9 Gyr ago (Ga), known as the Late Heavy Bombardment…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-02-15 David Nesvorny , Fernando Roig , William F. Bottke

The lunar crater record features $\sim 50$ basins. The radiometric dating of Apollo samples indicates that the Imbrium basin formed relatively late -- from the planet formation perspective -- some $\simeq 3.9$ Ga. Here we develop a…

In Papers II and III we show that Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs) are likely related to lunar outgassing, albeit in ways not fully understood. Here we propose a path forward, in which current and forthcoming technologies provide a more…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-06-28 Arlin P. S. Crotts

We study the evolution of debris created in the giant impacts expected during the final stages of terrestrial planet formation. The starting point is the debris created in a simulation of the Moon-forming impact. The dynamical evolution is…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Alan P. Jackson , Mark C. Wyatt

Robust impact monitoring of near-Earth objects is an essential task of planetary defense. Current systems such as NASA's Sentry-II, the University of Pisa's CLOMON2, and ESA's Aegis have been highly successful, but independent approaches…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-25 Dmitrii E. Vavilov , Daniel Hestroffer

Multiple impact basins formed on the Moon about 3.8 Gyr ago in what is known as the lunar cataclysm or late heavy bombardment. Many workers currently interpret the lunar cataclysm as an impact spike primarily caused by main-belt asteroids…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2011-02-02 Matija Cuk , Brett J. Gladman , Sarah T. Stewart

Aims. An asymmetric dust cloud was detected around the Moon by the Lunar Dust Experiment on board the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer mission. We investigate the dynamics of the grains that escape the Moon and their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-05 Kun Yang , Jürgen Schmidt , Weiming Feng , Xiaodong Liu

Giant impacts were common in the early evolution of the Solar System, and it is possible that Venus also experienced an impact. A giant impact on Venus could have affected its rotation rate and possibly its thermal evolution. In this work,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-15 Mirco Bussmann , Christian Reinhardt , Cedric Gillmann , Thomas Meier , Joachim Stadel , Paul Tackley , Ravit Helled

The Moon exhibits striking geological asymmetries in elevation, crustal thickness, and composition between its nearside and farside. Although several scenarios have been proposed to explain these asymmetries, their origin remains debated.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-30 Meng-Hua Zhu , Kai Wunnemann , Ross W. K. Potter , Thorsten Kleine , Alessandro Morbidelli

Planet-planet scattering is the leading mechanism to explain the broad eccentricity distribution of observed giant exoplanets. Here we study the orbital stability of primordial giant planet moons in this scenario. We use N-body simulations…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-24 Yu-Cian Hong , Sean N. Raymond , Philip D. Nicholson , Jonathan I. Lunine

It has been recently recognized that the surface of sub-km asteroids in contact with the space environment is not fine-grained regolith but consists of centimeter to meter-scale rocks. Here we aim to understand how the rocky morphology of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-01-20 O. Ruesch , V. T. Bickel

Recently discovered asteroid 2024 YR$_4$ has an orbital period of almost exactly 4 years, a descending node located almost exactly 1 au from the Sun, with a perihelion slightly less than that. Its combination of semi-major axis and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-27 Adam Hibberd , Thomas Marshall Eubanks
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