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Probabilistic programming is becoming increasingly popular thanks to its ability to specify problems with a certain degree of uncertainty. In this work, we focus on term rewriting, a well-known computational formalism. In particular, we…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Germán Vidal

The automatic generation of computer programs is one of the main applications with practical relevance in the field of evolutionary computation. With program synthesis techniques not only software developers could be supported in their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Dominik Sobania , Dirk Schweim , Franz Rothlauf

Language models for program synthesis are usually trained and evaluated on programming competition datasets (MBPP, APPS). However, these datasets are limited in size and quality, while these language models are extremely data hungry.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Noah van der Vleuten

Probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) allow programmers to construct statistical models and then simulate data or perform inference over them. Many PPLs restrict models to a particular instance of simulation or inference, limiting…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Minh Nguyen , Roly Perera , Meng Wang , Nicolas Wu

Program synthesis is the task of automatically generating a program consistent with a specification. Recent years have seen proposal of a number of neural approaches for program synthesis, many of which adopt a sequence generation paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Rudy Bunel , Matthew Hausknecht , Jacob Devlin , Rishabh Singh , Pushmeet Kohli

We study machine learning formulations of inductive program synthesis; given input-output examples, we try to synthesize source code that maps inputs to corresponding outputs. Our aims are to develop new machine learning approaches based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Alexander L. Gaunt , Marc Brockschmidt , Rishabh Singh , Nate Kushman , Pushmeet Kohli , Jonathan Taylor , Daniel Tarlow

Current approaches to program synthesis with Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a "near miss syndrome": they tend to generate programs that semantically resemble the correct answer (as measured by text similarity metrics or human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Vadim Liventsev , Anastasiia Grishina , Aki Härmä , Leon Moonen

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their potential in various natural language processing tasks, including code generation. However, while significant progress has been made in adapting LLMs to generate code for several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Erica Coppolillo , Francesco Calimeri , Giuseppe Manco , Simona Perri , Francesco Ricca

This survey reviews how large language models (LLMs) are transforming synthetic training data generation in both natural language and code domains. By producing artificial but task-relevant examples, these models can significantly augment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Mihai Nadas , Laura Diosan , Andreea Tomescu

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) is reshaping operational paradigms across multidisciplinary domains. LLMs' emergent capability to synthesize policy-relevant insights across disciplinary boundaries suggests potential as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jinghan Ke , Zheng Zhou , Yuxuan Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely employed in programming language analysis to enhance human productivity. Yet, their reliability can be compromised by various code distribution shifts, leading to inconsistent outputs. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Yufei Li , Simin Chen , Yanghong Guo , Wei Yang , Yue Dong , Cong Liu

Formal verification provides a rigorous and systematic approach to ensure the correctness and reliability of software systems. Yet, constructing specifications for the full proof relies on domain expertise and non-trivial manpower. In view…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Cheng Wen , Jialun Cao , Jie Su , Zhiwu Xu , Shengchao Qin , Mengda He , Haokun Li , Shing-Chi Cheung , Cong Tian

Large language models have shown unprecedented abilities in generating linguistically coherent and syntactically correct natural language output. However, they often return incorrect and inconsistent answers to input questions. Due to the…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Jasmin Mousavi , Arash Termehchy

For deterministic and probabilistic programs we investigate the problem of program synthesis and program optimisation (with respect to non-functional properties) in the general setting of global optimisation. This approach is based on the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-07-22 Herbert Wiklicky

This paper develops a new framework for program synthesis, called semantics-guided synthesis (SemGuS), that allows a user to provide both the syntax and the semantics for the constructs in the language. SemGuS accepts a recursively defined…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Jinwoo Kim , Qinheping Hu , Loris D'Antoni , Thomas Reps

Many of today's probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) have brittle inference performance: the performance of the underlying inference algorithm is very sensitive to the precise way in which the probabilistic program is written. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Ellie Y. Cheng , Todd Millstein , Guy Van den Broeck , Steven Holtzen

Formalisms for specifying statistical models, such as probabilistic-programming languages, typically consist of two components: a specification of a stochastic process (the prior), and a specification of observations that restrict the…

Databases · Computer Science 2015-01-06 Vince Barany , Balder ten Cate , Benny Kimelfeld , Dan Olteanu , Zografoula Vagena

A probabilistic program defines a probability measure over its semantic structures. One common goal of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) is to compute posterior probabilities for arbitrary models and queries, given observed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Yi Wu , Lei Li , Stuart Russell , Rastislav Bodik

Large language models (LLMs) can generate executable code from natural language descriptions, but the resulting programs frequently contain bugs due to hallucinations. In the absence of formal specifications, existing approaches attempt to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yihan Dai , Sijie Liang , Haotian Xu , Peichu Xie , Sergey Mechtaev

Synchronous modeling is at the heart of programming languages like Lustre, Esterel, or Scade used routinely for implementing safety critical control software, e.g., fly-by-wire and engine control in planes. However, to date these languages…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Guillaume Baudart , Louis Mandel , Eric Atkinson , Benjamin Sherman , Marc Pouzet , Michael Carbin