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The bloom of the fifth generation (5G) communication and beyond serves as a catalyst for physical layer key generation techniques. In 5G communications systems, many challenges in traditional physical layer key generation schemes, such as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-29 Long Jiao , Ning Wang , Pu Wang , Amir Alipour-Fanid , Jie Tang , Kai Zeng

Fluid antenna systems encompass a broad class of reconfigurable antenna technologies that offer substantial spatial diversity for various optimization objectives and communication tasks. Their capability to enhance spatial resolution within…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Jingyuan Xu , Zhentian Zhang , Jian Dang , Hao Jiang , Zaichen Zhang

Fluid Antenna Systems (FAS) introduce a new degree of freedom for wireless networks by enabling the physical antenna position to adapt dynamically to changing radio conditions. While existing studies primarily emphasize physical-layer…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Ian F. Akyildiz , Tuğçe Bilen

Physical-layer key generation (PKG) based on channel reciprocity has recently emerged as a new technique to establish secret keys between devices. Most works focus on pairwise communication scenarios with single or small-scale antennas.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Guyue Li , Chen Sun , Eduard Jorswieck , Junqing Zhang , Aiqun Hu , You Chen

In this paper, we propose an energy efficient wireless communication system based on fluid antenna relay (FAR) to solve the problem of non-line-of-sight (NLoS) links caused by blockages with considering the physical properties. Driven by…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-07 Ruopeng Xu , Zhaohui Yang , Zhaoyang Zhang , Mohammad Shikh-Bahaei , Kaibin Huang , Dusit Niyato

Fluid antenna systems (FAS) have recently emerged as a promising paradigm for achieving spatially reconfigurable, compact, and energy-efficient wireless communications in beyond fifth-generation (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) networks. By…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-02 Saeid Pakravan , Mohsen Ahmadzadeh , Ming Zeng , Wessam Ajib , Ji Wang , Xingwang Li

Fluid antenna system (FAS) leverages dynamic reconfigurability to unlock spatial degrees of freedom and reshape wireless channels. Blind interference alignment (BIA) aligns interference through antenna switching. This paper proposes, for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jianqiu Peng , Tong Zhang , Shuai Wang , Mingjie Shao , Hao Xu , Rui Wang

Conventionally, secrecy is achieved using cryptographic techniques beyond the physical layer. Recent studies raise the interest of performing encryption within the physical layer by exploiting some unique features of the physical wireless…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-19 Suzhi Bi , Xiaojun Yuan , Ying Jun Zhang

Over-the-air (OTA) federated learning (FL) effectively utilizes communication bandwidth, yet it is vulnerable to errors during analog aggregation. While removing users with unfavorable channel conditions can mitigate these errors, it also…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-04 Yang Zhao , Minrui Xu , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato

Fluid antennas (FAs) and movable antennas (MAs) have drawn increasing attention in wireless communications recently due to their ability to create favorable channel conditions via local antenna movement within a confined region. In this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-26 Xin Wei , Weidong Mei , Dong Wang , Boyu Ning , Zhi Chen

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is a new paradigm that enables the reconfiguration of the wireless environment. Based on this feature, RIS can be employed to facilitate Physical-layer Key Generation (PKG). However, this technique…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Lei Hu , Guyue Li , Hongyi Luo , Aiqun Hu

The concept of reconfigurable fluid antennas (FA) is a potential and promising solution to enhance the spectral efficiency of wireless communication networks. Despite their many advantages, FA-enabled communications have limitations as they…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Christodoulos Skouroumounis , Ioannis Krikidis

The massive deployment of low-end wireless Internet of things (IoT) devices opens the challenge of finding de-centralized and lightweight alternatives for secret key distribution. A possible solution, coming from the physical layer, is the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Miroslav Mitev , Arsenia Chorti , Gerhard Fettweis

In this paper, we introduce a new wireless paradigm termed fluid-active reconfigurable intelligent surface (FARIS) that combines fluid-based port repositioning with per-element active amplification to enhance the performance of 6G networks.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Hong-Bae Jeon

Fluid antenna systems represent an innovative approach in wireless communication, recently applied in multiple access to optimize the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio through port selection. This letter frames the port selection…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-15 Pedro D. Alvim , Hugerles S. Silva , Ugo S. Dias , Osamah S. Badarneh , Felipe A. P. Figueiredo , Rausley A. A. de Souza

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technique to enhance the performance of physical-layer key generation (PKG) due to its ability to smartly customize the radio environments. Existing RIS-assisted PKG methods are mainly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Lei Hu , Guyue Li , Xuewen Qian , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Aiqun Hu

The advent of the sixth-generation (6G) networks presents another round of revolution for the mobile communication landscape, promising an immersive experience, robust reliability, minimal latency, extreme connectivity, ubiquitous coverage,…

Fluid antenna systems (FAS) are an emerging technology that promises a significant diversity gain even in the smallest spaces. Motivated by the groundbreaking potentials of liquid antennas, researchers in the wireless communication…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Malek Khammassi , Abla Kammoun , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

The position-fluid antenna (PFA) architecture has become one of the appealing technologies to support ubiquitous connectivity demand in next-generation wireless systems. Specifically, allowing the antenna to adjust its physical position to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Heyin Shen , Chong Han , Hao Liu , Tao Yang

This paper addresses the challenge of large model (LM)-embedded wireless network for handling the trade-off problem of model accuracy and network latency. To guarantee a high-quality of users' service, the network latency should be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Yichen Jin , Zongze Li , Zeyi Ren , Qingfeng Lin , Yik-Chung Wu