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Ad-load balancing is a critical challenge in online advertising systems, particularly in the context of social media platforms, where the goal is to maximize user engagement and revenue while maintaining a satisfactory user experience. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Hitesh Sagtani , Madan Jhawar , Rishabh Mehrotra , Olivier Jeunen

In the online advertising industry, the process of designing an ad creative (i.e., ad text and image) requires manual labor. Typically, each advertiser launches multiple creatives via online A/B tests to infer effective creatives for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Shaunak Mishra , Manisha Verma , Yichao Zhou , Kapil Thadani , Wei Wang

Decisions made by machine learning systems have increasing influence on the world, yet it is common for machine learning algorithms to assume that no such influence exists. An example is the use of the i.i.d. assumption in content…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 David Krueger , Tegan Maharaj , Jan Leike

It is increasingly common in digital environments to use A/B tests to compare the performance of recommendation algorithms. However, such experiments often violate the stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA), particularly SUTVA's "no…

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become one of the largest online advertising markets in the world. Today the bid price per ad impression is typically decided by the expected value of how it can lead to a desired action event (e.g., registering…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Jian Xu , Xuhui Shao , Jianjie Ma , Kuang-chih Lee , Hang Qi , Quan Lu

A lot of online marketing campaigns aim to promote user interaction. The average treatment effect (ATE) of campaign strategies need to be monitored throughout the campaign. A/B testing is usually conducted for such needs, whereas the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Tianchi Cai , Daxi Cheng , Chen Liang , Ziqi Liu , Lihong Gu , Huizhi Xie , Zhiqiang Zhang , Xiaodong Zeng , Jinjie Gu

A/B testing refers to the task of determining the best option among two alternatives that yield random outcomes. We provide distribution-dependent lower bounds for the performance of A/B testing that improve over the results currently…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-02-25 Emilie Kaufmann , Olivier Cappé , Aurélien Garivier

Randomized experimentation (also known as A/B testing or bucket testing) is widely used in the internet industry to measure the metric impact obtained by different treatment variants. A/B tests identify the treatment variant showing the…

Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) have become the gold standard for learning the impact of new product features in technology companies. Randomization enables the inference of causality from an A/B test. The randomized assignment…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-20 Qike Li , Samir Jamkhande , Pavel Kochetkov , Pai Liu

Online advertisements have become one of today's most widely used tools for enhancing businesses partly because of their compatibility with A/B testing. A/B testing allows sellers to find effective advertisement strategies such as ad…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Akira Matsui , Daisuke Moriwaki

A/B testing, or controlled experiments, is the gold standard approach to causally compare the performance of algorithms on online platforms. However, conventional Bernoulli randomization in A/B testing faces many challenges such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Yongkang Guo , Yuan Yuan , Jinshan Zhang , Yuqing Kong , Zhihua Zhu , Zheng Cai

Randomized experiments play a major role in data-driven decision making across many different fields and disciplines. In medicine, for example, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the backbone of clinical trial methodology for testing…

Applications · Statistics 2016-08-30 Andrew W. Correia

The 2022 settlement between Meta and the U.S. Department of Justice to resolve allegations of discriminatory advertising resulted is a first-of-its-kind change to Meta's ad delivery system aimed to address algorithmic discrimination in its…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Basileal Imana , Zeyu Shen , John Heidemann , Aleksandra Korolova

In A/B testing two variants of a piece of software are compared in the field from an end user's point of view, enabling data-driven decision making. While widely used in practice, no comprehensive study has been conducted on the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Federico Quin , Danny Weyns , Matthias Galster , Camila Costa Silva

Evaluating the causal effect of recommendations is an important objective because the causal effect on user interactions can directly leads to an increase in sales and user engagement. To select an optimal recommendation model, it is common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Masahiro Sato

A/B tests are randomized experiments frequently used by companies that offer services on the Web for assessing the impact of new features. During an experiment, each user is randomly redirected to one of two versions of the website, called…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Francisco Galuppo Azevedo , Bruno Demattos Nogueira , Fabricio Murai , Ana Paula Couto da Silva

In streaming platforms churn is extremely costly, yet A/B tests are typically evaluated using outcomes observed within a limited experimental horizon. Even when both short- and predicted long-term engagement metrics are considered, they may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Dario Simionato , Andrea Tonon , Mingxue Wang , Weiguo Wang , Tong Gui , Xiaoyue Li

Companies offering web services routinely run randomized online experiments to estimate the causal impact associated with the adoption of new features and policies on key performance metrics of interest. These experiments are used to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-13 Lorenzo Masoero , Doug Hains , James McQueen

The importance of Facebook advertising has risen dramatically in recent years, with the platform accounting for almost 20% of the global online ad spend in 2017. An important consideration in advertising is incrementality: how much of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-12 C. H. Bryan Liu , Elaine M. Bettaney , Benjamin Paul Chamberlain

Targeted advertising remains an important part of the free web browsing experience, where advertisers' targeting and personalization algorithms together find the most relevant audience for millions of ads every day. However, given the wide…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Muhammad Ali , Angelica Goetzen , Alan Mislove , Elissa M. Redmiles , Piotr Sapiezynski