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We review the phenomenology and theory of bulk observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, focussing on recent developments involving event-by-event fluctuations in the initial stages of a heavy ion collision, and how they…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-06-03 Matthew Luzum , Hannah Petersen

The measurement of particle correlations and fluctuations has been suggested as a method to search for the existence of a phase transition in relativistic heavy ion collisions. If quark-gluon matter is formed in the collision of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 Terence J. Tarnowsky

We apply principal component analysis to the study of event-by-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. This method brings out all the information contained in two-particle correlations in a physically transparent way. We…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-04-20 Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Jean-Yves Ollitrault , Subrata Pal , Derek Teaney

Event-by-event mean transverse momentum fluctuations ($\langle p_\mathrm{T}\rangle$) serve as a sensitive probe of initial state overlap geometry and energy density fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We present a systematic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-02-14 Liuyao Zhang , Jinhui Chen , Chunjian Zhang

Transverse momentum spectra of identified particles produced in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider are described with relativistic fluid dynamics. We perform a systematic comparison of experimental data for pions, kaons and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-06-18 D. Devetak , A. Dubla , S. Floerchinger , E. Grossi , S. Masciocchi , A. Mazeliauskas , I. Selyuzhenkov

We consider a possible mechanism of thermalization of nucleons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our model belongs, to a certain degree, to the transport ones; we investigate the evolution of the system created in nucleus-nucleus…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-20 D. Anchishkin , A. Muskeyev , S. Yezhov

The effect of limiting the acceptance in rapidity on event-by-event multiplicity fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions has been investigated. Our analysis shows that the multiplicity fluctuations decrease when the rapidity acceptance…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2009-11-07 D. P. Mahapatra , B. Mohanty , S. C. Phatak

We look for signals of criticality in multifragment production in heavy-ion collisions using model-independent universal fluctuations theory. The phenomenon is studied as a function of system size, bombarding energy, and impact parameter in…

We recall the physical features of the parton distributions in the quantum statistical approach of the nucleon. Some predictions from a next-to-leading order QCD analysis are compared to recent experimental results. We also consider their…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-07-26 Jacques Soffer

We present calculations of several pp scattering cross sections with potential applications at the LHC. Significantly large rates for momentum fraction, x, as low as 10^-7 are obtained, allowing for possible extraction of quark and gluon…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-08-25 L. Alvero , J. C. Collins , M. Strikman , J. J. Whitmore

The higher order moments of the net-baryon distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions are useful probes for the QCD critical point and fluctuations. We study the net-proton distributions and their moments in a simple model which…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-29 C. B. Yang , X. Wang

The conventional NLO parton model is enough for the description of total cross sections and one-particle distributions. In the case of two-particle correlations, the collinear approximation has failed, and it is necessary to account for the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 Yu. M. Shabelski

We propose an application of a microcanonical ensemble with light-front kinematics to model the phase-space distribution of relativistic constituents of a bound state. These constituents denoted by partons are treated as classical spin-zero…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-06-12 Shaoyang Jia , James P. Vary

The effective cross section of double parton scattering in high-energy hadron collisions has been measured in proton--proton collisions, with significant variation among final-state observables, contrary to the idea of a universal value.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-14 Joao Vitor C. Lovato , Edgar Huayra , Emmanuel G. de Oliveira

We review recent developments in the theoretical description and understanding of multi-particle correlation measurements in collisions of small projectiles (p/d/$^3$He) with heavy nuclei (Au, Pb) as well as proton+proton collisions. We…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-03-14 Bjoern Schenke

A new experimental approach is introduced to investigate the relaxation of the nuclear deformation degrees of freedom. Highly excited fissioning systems with compact shapes and low angular momenta are produced in peripheral relativistic…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2009-11-10 B. Jurado , C. Schmitt , K. -H. Schmidt , J. Benlliure , T. Enqvist , A. R. Junghans , A. Kelic , F. Rejmund

At the LHC we are colliding protons, but it is not the protons that are doing the interacting. It is their constituents the quarks, antiquarks and gluons-collectively known as partons. We need to know how what fractional momentum of the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-02-24 A M Cooper-Sarkar

Collider data can play an important role in determining the parton distribution functions of the nucleon. I present a formalism which makes it possible to use next-to-leading order calculations in such a determination, while minimizing the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-30 David A. Kosower

Recent high precision experimental data from a variety of hadronic processes opens new opportunities for determination of the collinear parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton. In fact, the wealth of information from experiments…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-08-24 Bo-Ting Wang , T. J. Hobbs , Sean Doyle , Jun Gao , Tie-Jiun Hou , Pavel M. Nadolsky , Fredrick I. Olness

The higher order moments of the net-baryon distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions are useful probes for the QCD critical point and fluctuations. Within a simple model we study the colliding energy and centrality dependence of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-30 X. Wang , C. B. Yang