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This paper investigates the implementation and application of the multi-variable grid-forming hybrid angle control (HAC) for high-power converters in transmission grids. We explore the system-level performance and robustness of the HAC…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Ali Tayyebi , Alan Magdaleno , Denis Vettoretti , Meng Chen , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

In this paper, we analytically study the transient stability of grid-connected converters with grid-forming complex droop control, also known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control. We prove theoretically that complex droop control, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Irina Subotić , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

Proper modeling of inverter-based microgrids is crucial for accurate assessment of stability boundaries. It has been recently realized that the stability conditions for such microgrids are significantly different from those known for large-…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Petr Vorobev , Po-Hsu Huang , Mohamed Al Hosani , James L. Kirtley , Konstantin Turitsyn

DC microgrids are getting more and more applications due to simple converters, only voltage control and higher efficiencies compared to conventional AC grids. Droop control is a well know decentralized control strategy for power sharing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Muhammad Anees , Lisa Qi , Mario Schweizer , Srdjan Lukic

The integration of massive offshore wind into hybrid AC-HVDC grids demands robust DC voltage regulation, yet conventional fixed-gain droop controllers struggle under severe stochastic volatility. This paper bridges the gap between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Hongjin Du , Aleksandra Lekić

This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active power-frequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

This work provides a design method for achieving a specified level of stability for inverter-based interconnected distributed generation. The stability of parallel connected distributed energy resources determined from a linearized…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mahmood Saadeh , Roy McCann

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming inverters control the power transfer between the AC and DC sides of an electrical grid while maintaining the frequency and voltage of the AC side. This paper focuses on ensuring large-signal stability of an electrical grid with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-18 Jared Miller , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Xiuqiang He , Roy S. Smith , Gabriela Hug

The increasing integration of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, introduces significant uncertainty into hybrid AC-HVDC systems due to forecast errors and power fluctuations. Conventional control strategies typically rely on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Hongjin Du , Rahul Rane , Weijie Xia , Pedro P. Vergara , Aleksandra Lekić

There are tradeoffs between current sharing among distributed resources and DC bus voltage stability when conventional droop control is used in DC microgrids. As current sharing approaches the setpoint, bus voltage deviation increases.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-24 Tuyen V. Vu , Dallas Perkins , Fernand Diaz , David Gonsoulin , Chris S. Edrington , Touria El-Mezyani

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

The stability of inverter-dominated power grids remains an active area of research. This paper presents novel sufficient conditions for ensuring small-signal stability in lossless and constant $R/X$ grids with highly heterogeneous mixes of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-03 Jakob Niehues , Robin Delabays , Anna Büttner , Frank Hellmann

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

This paper investigates transient performance of inverter-based microgrids in terms of the resistive power losses incurred in regulating frequency under persistent stochastic disturbances. We model the inverters as second-order oscillators…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-03-22 Emma Tegling , Martin Andreasson , John W. Simpson-Porco , Henrik Sandberg

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

The dynamic response of power grids to small events or persistent stochastic disturbances influences their stable operation. Low-frequency inter-area oscillations are of particular concern due to insufficient damping. This paper studies the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-20 Manish K. Singh , Vassilis Kekatos

We consider frequency control of synchronous generator networks and study transient performance under both primary and secondary frequency control. We model random step changes in power loads and evaluate performance in terms of expected…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-27 Martin Andreasson , Emma Tegling , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson