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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into financial workflows, but evaluation practice has not kept up. Finance-specific biases can inflate performance, contaminate backtests, and make reported results useless for any…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in financial contexts, raising critical concerns about reliability, alignment, and susceptibility to adversarial manipulation. While prior finance-related benchmarks assess LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaoyu Hu , Jinman Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in financial analysis for interpreting complex market data and trends. However, their use is challenged by intrinsic biases (e.g., risk-preference bias) and a superficial understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yuhang Zhou , Yuchen Ni , Yunhui Gan , Zhangyue Yin , Xiang Liu , Jian Zhang , Sen Liu , Xipeng Qiu , Guangnan Ye , Hongfeng Chai

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) evolve rapidly as Large Language Models (LLMs) was equipped with vision modules to create more human-like models. However, we should carefully evaluate their applications in different domains, as they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yuhang Xiao , Yudi Lin , Ming-Chang Chiu

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied across various domains of finance. Since their training data are largely derived from human-authored corpora, LLMs may inherit a range of human biases. Behavioral biases can lead to…

In finance, Large Language Models (LLMs) face frequent knowledge conflicts arising from discrepancies between their pre-trained parametric knowledge and real-time market data. These conflicts are especially problematic in real-world…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-20 Hoyoung Lee , Junhyuk Seo , Suhwan Park , Junhyeong Lee , Wonbin Ahn , Chanyeol Choi , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Yongjae Lee

Large Language Models are increasingly adopted in financial applications to support investment workflows. However, prior studies have seldom examined how these models reflect biases related to firm size, sector, or financial…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-04 Fabrizio Dimino , Krati Saxena , Bhaskarjit Sarmah , Stefano Pasquali

Financial institutions increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) for high-stakes decision-making. However, these models risk perpetuating harmful biases if deployed without careful oversight. This paper investigates racial bias in…

General Economics · Economics 2025-06-24 Thomas R. Cook , Sophia Kazinnik

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have increased the performance of different natural language understanding as well as generation tasks. Although LLMs have breached the state-of-the-art performance in various tasks, they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Charaka Vinayak Kumar , Ashok Urlana , Gopichand Kanumolu , Bala Mallikarjunarao Garlapati , Pruthwik Mishra

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to exhibit social, demographic, and gender biases, often as a consequence of the data on which they are trained. In this work, we adopt a mechanistic interpretability approach to analyze how such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Bhavik Chandna , Zubair Bashir , Procheta Sen

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly mediate economic and organisational processes, from automated customer support and recruitment to investment advice and policy analysis. These systems are often assumed to embody rational decision…

General Economics · Economics 2025-11-18 Luca Corazzini , Elisa Deriu , Marco Guerzoni

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 and BERT, have rapidly gained traction in natural language processing (NLP) and are now integral to financial decision-making. However, their deployment introduces critical challenges,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Hui Zhong , Songsheng Chen , Mian Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit position bias systematically underweighting information based on its location in the context but how this bias varies across languages and models remains unclear. We conduct a multilingual study across…

Machine learning (ML) is increasingly deployed in real world contexts, supplying actionable insights and forming the basis of automated decision-making systems. While issues resulting from biases pre-existing in training data have been at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Roel Dobbe , Sarah Dean , Thomas Gilbert , Nitin Kohli

Bias in financial language models constitutes a major obstacle to their adoption in real-world applications. Detecting such bias is challenging, as it requires identifying inputs whose predictions change when varying properties unrelated to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Firas Hadj Kacem , Ahmed Khanfir , Mike Papadakis

Lending decisions are usually made with proprietary models that provide minimally acceptable explanations to users. In a future world without such secrecy, what decision support tools would one want to use for justified lending decisions?…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Chaofan Chen , Kangcheng Lin , Cynthia Rudin , Yaron Shaposhnik , Sijia Wang , Tong Wang

Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence, particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs), have transformed natural language processing by improving generative capabilities. However, detecting biases embedded within these models remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suvendu Mohanty

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across a spectrum of tasks in financial services, including report generation, chatbots, sentiment analysis, regulatory compliance, investment advisory, financial knowledge…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hariom Tatsat , Ariye Shater

Recent studies on the safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) have revealed that existing approaches often operate superficially, leaving models vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. Despite their significance, these studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in everyday tools and applications, raising concerns about their potential influence on political views. While prior research has shown that LLMs often exhibit measurable political…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Daniil Gurgurov , Katharina Trinley , Ivan Vykopal , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann , Roberto Zamparelli
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