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Hallucination is a major challenge for large language models (LLMs), preventing their further application in some fields. The skeptical thinking of humankind could be useful for LLMs to self-cognition, self-reflection and alleviate their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Yetao Wu , Yihong Wang , Teng Chen , Ningyuan Xi , Qingqing Gu , Hongyang Lei , Luo Ji

Hallucination, the generation of factually incorrect information, remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs), especially in open-domain long-form generation. Existing approaches for detecting hallucination in long-form…

Vision Language models (VLMs) often hallucinate non-existent objects. Detecting hallucination is analogous to detecting deception: a single final statement is insufficient, one must examine the underlying reasoning process. Yet existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Abin Shoby , Ta Duc Huy , Tuan Dung Nguyen , Minh Khoi Ho , Qi Chen , Anton van den Hengel , Phi Le Nguyen , Johan W. Verjans , Vu Minh Hieu Phan

LLMs are often claimed to be capable of Natural Language Inference (NLI), which is widely regarded as a cornerstone of more complex forms of reasoning. However, recent works show that LLMs still suffer from hallucinations in NLI due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Liang Cheng , Tianyi Li , Zhaowei Wang , Tianyang Liu , Mark Steedman

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enhanced natural-language reasoning. However, their limited parametric memory and susceptibility to hallucination present persistent challenges for tasks requiring accurate,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yu-Hsuan Lin , Qian-Hui Chen , Yi-Jie Cheng , Jia-Ren Zhang , Yi-Hung Liu , Liang-Yu Hsia , Yun-Nung Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various tasks but often fail to handle queries that exceed their knowledge and capabilities, leading to incorrect or fabricated responses. This paper addresses the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wenbo Zhang , Zihang Xu , Hengrui Cai

Language Models (LMs) may acquire harmful knowledge, and yet feign ignorance of these topics when under audit. Inspired by the recent discovery of deception-related behaviour patterns in LMs, we aim to train classifiers that detect when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dhananjay Ashok , Ruth-Ann Armstrong , Jonathan May

Large language models (LLMs) are integrated into applications like shopping reviews, summarization, or medical diagnosis support, where their use affects human decisions. We investigate the extent to which LLMs expose users to biased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Abeer Alessa , Param Somane , Akshaya Lakshminarasimhan , Julian Skirzynski , Julian McAuley , Jessica Echterhoff

Large language models (LLMs) are able to generate human-like responses to user queries. However, LLMs exhibit inherent limitations, especially because they hallucinate. This paper introduces LP-LM, a system that grounds answers to questions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Katherine Wu , Yanhong A. Liu

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar

The growth in prominence of large language models (LLMs) in everyday life can be largely attributed to their generative abilities, yet some of this is also owed to the risks and costs associated with their use. On one front is their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Boxing Chen , Sarath Chandar

This paper presents a systematic defense of large language model (LLM) hallucinations or 'confabulations' as a potential resource instead of a categorically negative pitfall. The standard view is that confabulations are inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Peiqi Sui , Eamon Duede , Sophie Wu , Richard Jean So

Hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) during summarization of patient-clinician dialogues pose significant risks to patient care and clinical decision-making. However, the phenomenon remains understudied in the clinical domain,…

Large language models (LLMs) have learned vast amounts of factual knowledge through self-supervised pre-training on large-scale corpora. Meanwhile, LLMs have also demonstrated excellent multilingual capabilities, which can express the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Pengfei Cao , Yuheng Chen , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs), despite their powerful capabilities, suffer from factual hallucinations where they generate verifiable falsehoods. We identify a root of this issue: the imbalanced data distribution in the pretraining corpus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Langming Liu , Kangtao Lv , Haibin Chen , Weidong Zhang , Yejing Wang , Shilei Liu , Xin Tong , Yujin Yuan , Yongwei Wang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

We argue that uncertainty is a key and understudied limitation of LLMs' performance in creative writing, which is often characterized as trite and clich\'e-ridden. Literary theory identifies uncertainty as a necessary condition for creative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Peiqi Sui

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to generating plausible yet incorrect responses, known as hallucinations. Effectively detecting hallucinations is therefore crucial for the safe deployment of LLMs. Recent research has linked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Litian Liu , Reza Pourreza , Sunny Panchal , Apratim Bhattacharyya , Yubing Jian , Yao Qin , Roland Memisevic

Due to the implement of guardrails by developers, Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in explicit bias tests. However, bias in LLMs may occur not only explicitly, but also implicitly, much like humans who…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xinru Lin , Luyang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity for their impressive performance across diverse fields. However, LLMs are prone to hallucinate untruthful or nonsensical outputs that fail to meet user expectations in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Tianhang Zhang , Lin Qiu , Qipeng Guo , Cheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Luoyi Fu

Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities across a variety of tasks. Despite the models only seeing text in training, several recent studies suggest that LLM representations implicitly capture aspects of the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yutaro Yamada , Yihan Bao , Andrew K. Lampinen , Jungo Kasai , Ilker Yildirim