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While we increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) for various tasks, these models are known to produce inaccurate content or 'hallucinations' with potentially disastrous consequences. The recent integration of web search results…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Mahjabin Nahar , Eun-Ju Lee , Jin Won Park , Dongwon Lee

Warning: This research studies AI persuasion and bias amplification that could be misused; all experiments are for safety evaluation. Large Language Models (LLMs) now generate convincing, human-like text and are widely used in content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Saumya Roy

The success of neural networks on a diverse set of NLP tasks has led researchers to question how much these networks actually ``know'' about natural language. Probes are a natural way of assessing this. When probing, a researcher chooses a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Tiago Pimentel , Josef Valvoda , Rowan Hall Maudslay , Ran Zmigrod , Adina Williams , Ryan Cotterell

Large Language Models (LLMs) tend to be unreliable in the factuality of their answers. To address this problem, NLP researchers have proposed a range of techniques to estimate LLM's confidence over facts. However, due to the lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Matéo Mahaut , Laura Aina , Paula Czarnowska , Momchil Hardalov , Thomas Müller , Lluís Màrquez

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise as parametric knowledge bases, but often underperform on question answering (QA) tasks due to hallucinations and uncertainty. While prior work attributes these failures to knowledge gaps in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xingjian Tao , Yiwei Wang , Yujun Cai , Zhicheng Yang , Jing Tang

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Language models are typically evaluated on their success at predicting the distribution of specific words in specific contexts. Yet linguistic knowledge also encodes relationships between contexts, allowing inferences between word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Michael Wilson , Jackson Petty , Robert Frank

Despite efforts to expand the knowledge of large language models (LLMs), knowledge gaps -- missing or outdated information in LLMs -- might always persist given the evolving nature of knowledge. In this work, we study approaches to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shangbin Feng , Weijia Shi , Yike Wang , Wenxuan Ding , Vidhisha Balachandran , Yulia Tsvetkov

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on various natural language processing tasks. However, they are prone to generating fluent yet untruthful responses, known as "hallucinations". Hallucinations can lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Minda Hu , Bowei He , Yufei Wang , Liangyou Li , Chen Ma , Irwin King

Despite impressive advances in Natural Language Generation (NLG) and Large Language Models (LLMs), researchers are still unclear about important aspects of NLG evaluation. To substantiate this claim, I examine current classifications of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Kees van Deemter

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success, but their occasional content fabrication, or hallucination, limits their practical application. Hallucination arises because LLMs struggle to admit ignorance due to inadequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Lida Chen , Zujie Liang , Xintao Wang , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao , Feng Wei , Jinglei Chen , Zhenghong Hao , Bing Han , Wei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit positional bias, struggling to utilize information from the middle or end of long contexts. Our study explores LLMs' long-context reasoning by probing their hidden representations. We find that while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Taiming Lu , Muhan Gao , Kuai Yu , Adam Byerly , Daniel Khashabi

Recent research has shown that hallucinations, omissions, and biases are prevalent in everyday use-cases of LLMs. However, chatbots used in medical contexts must provide consistent advice in situations where non-medical factors are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jonathan Liu , Haoling Qiu , Jonathan Lasko , Damianos Karakos , Mahsa Yarmohammadi , Mark Dredze

With the success of contextualized language models, much research explores what these models really learn and in which cases they still fail. Most of this work focuses on specific NLP tasks and on the learning outcome. Little research has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Aikaterini-Lida Kalouli , Rita Sevastjanova , Christin Beck , Maribel Romero

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong linguistic performance, yet their internal mechanisms for producing these predictions remain unclear. We investigate the hypothesis that LLMs encode representations of linguistic constraint…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Hardy , Sebastian Padó

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities across various fields, hallucination remains a significant challenge. Recent studies have explored hallucinations through the lens of internal representations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Junteng Liu , Shiqi Chen , Yu Cheng , Junxian He

One of the major aspects contributing to the striking performance of large language models (LLMs) is the vast amount of factual knowledge accumulated during pre-training. Yet, many LLMs suffer from self-inconsistency, which raises doubts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Anastasiia Sedova , Robert Litschko , Diego Frassinelli , Benjamin Roth , Barbara Plank

The interpretation of implicit meanings is an integral aspect of human communication. However, this framework may not transfer to interactions with Large Language Models (LLMs). To investigate this, we introduce the task of Implicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Antonio De Santis , Tommaso Bonetti , Andrea Tocchetti , Marco Brambilla

Research on mental state reasoning in language models (LMs) has the potential to inform theories of human social cognition--such as the theory that mental state reasoning emerges in part from language exposure--and our understanding of LMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Sean Trott , Samuel Taylor , Cameron Jones , James A. Michaelov , Pamela D. Rivière

Humans have a remarkable ability to acquire and understand grammatical phenomena that are seen rarely, if ever, during childhood. Recent evidence suggests that language models with human-scale pretraining data may possess a similar ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Wesley Scivetti , Tatsuya Aoyama , Ethan Wilcox , Nathan Schneider
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