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Quantum networks are expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over long distances while providing security dependent upon physical effects rather than mathematical assumptions. Through simulation, we show…

Global-scale entanglement distribution has been a formidable challenge due to the unavoidable losses in communication channels. Here, we propose a novel backbone channel for quantum network based on balloon-based aerial relays. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Pei-Xi Liu , Yu-Ping Lin , Zong-Quan Zhou , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

We design a quantum repeater architecture, necessary for long distance quantum networks, using the recently proposed microwave cat state qubits, formed and manipulated via interaction between a superconducting nonlinear element and a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Sourabh Kumar , Nikolai Lauk , Christoph Simon

Quantum repeaters -- important components of a scalable quantum internet -- enable the entanglement to be distributed over long distances. The standard paradigm for a quantum repeater relies on a necessary demanding requirement of quantum…

A global quantum repeater network involving satellite-based links is likely to have advantages over fiber-based networks in terms of long-distance communication, since the photon losses in free space scale only polynomially with the…

In quantum mechanics, a fundamental law prevents quantum communications to simultaneously achieve high rates and long distances. This limitation is well known for point-to-point protocols, where two parties are directly connected by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-06 Stefano Pirandola

To realize a global quantum Internet, there is a need for communication between quantum subnetworks. To accomplish this task, there have been multiple design proposals for a quantum backbone network and quantum subnetworks. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Francesco Vista , Daniel Holme , Stephen DiAdamo

Quantum communications harness quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement to enhance information transfer between remote nodes. Coherent quantum communications, essential for phase-based quantum internet architecture, require…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technique for secure communication based on quantum mechanical principles. To improve the secure key rate of a QKD system, most studies on reconciliation primarily focused on improving the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-21 Hao-Kun Mao , Qiong Li , Peng-Lei Hao , Bassem Abd-El-Atty , Abdullah M. Iliyasu

Quantum networks are considered as a promising future platform for quantum information exchange and quantum applications, which have capabilities far beyond the traditional communication networks. Remote quantum entanglement is an essential…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Yiming Zeng , Jiarui Zhang , Ji Liu , Zhenhua Liu , Yuanyuan Yang

We present a physical- and link-level design for the creation of entangled pairs to be used in quantum repeater applications where one can control the noise level of the initially distributed pairs. The system can tune dynamically, trading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 W. J. Munro , R. Van Meter , Sebastien G. R. Louis , Kae Nemoto

W states are a valuable resource for various quantum information tasks, and several protocols to generate them have been proposed and implemented. We introduce a quantum repeater protocol to efficiently distribute three-qubit W states over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Ferran Riera-Sàbat , Wolfgang Dür

The construction of large-scale quantum networks relies on the development of practical quantum repeaters. Many approaches have been proposed with the goal of outperforming the direct transmission of photons, but most of them are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-23 Xiao Liu , Zong-Quan Zhou , Yi-Lin Hua , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

In the quantum repeater networks of the quantum Internet, the varying stability of entangled quantum links makes dynamic topology adaption an emerging issue. Here we define an efficient topology adaption method for quantum repeater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-01 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum key distribution (QKD) together with one time pad encoding can provide information-theoretical security for communication. Currently, though QKD has been widely deployed in many metropolitan fiber networks, its implementation in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-10 Qiang Zhang , Feihu Xu , Yu-Ao Chen , Cheng-Zhi Peng , Jian-Wei Pan

Efficient quantum repeaters are needed to combat photon losses in fibers in future quantum networks. Single atom coupled with photonic cavity offers a great platform for photon-atom gate. Here I propose a quantum repeater scheme with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Yisheng Lei

Major obstacles against efficient long distance quantum communication are photon losses during transmission and the probabilistic nature of Bell measurement causing exponential scaling in time and resource with distance. To overcome these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-05 Seung-Woo Lee , Timothy C. Ralph , Hyunseok Jeong

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers provably secure, information-theoretic key exchange, but in long-distance scenarios without quantum repeaters, Trusted Nodes (TNs) are commonly employed despite introducing critical security risks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Sumit Chaudhary , Davide Li Calsi , JinHyeock Choi , Marc Geitz , Janis Nötzel

The ability to communicate quantum information over long distances is of central importance in quantum science and engineering. For example, it enables secure quantum key distribution (QKD) relying on fundamental principles that prohibit…

A quantum network is expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over a long distance while providing unconditional security. As quantum entanglement is essential for a quantum network, major issues from…