Global-scale entanglement distribution has been a formidable challenge due to the unavoidable losses in communication channels. Here, we propose a novel backbone channel for quantum network based on balloon-based aerial relays. We demonstrate for the first time that the atmospheric disturbances in balloon-based channels can be almost eliminated through optimizing beam waist positions and employing a series of adaptive optics systems, which boosts the channel efficiency to -21 dB over a 10,000 km distance, outperforming satellite-based relays by 12 dB with same device parameters. We then propose a global-scale quantum networking scheme based on hybrid-channel quantum repeaters that combine ground-based quantum repeaters and balloon-based aerial relays. Servers are interconnected globally via a chain of balloons, while clients link to local servers through fiber connections, facilitating rapid client switching and network scalability. Our simulations, employing state-of-the-art Eu3+:Y2SiO5 quantum memories and mature entanglement sources based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion, demonstrate an entanglement distribution rate in the sub-Hertz range between clients separated by 10,000 km. This approach offers a practical path toward global quantum networking in the near future.
@article{arxiv.2507.15178,
title = {Global-scale quantum networking using hybrid-channel quantum repeaters with relays based on a chain of balloons},
author = {Pei-Xi Liu and Yu-Ping Lin and Zong-Quan Zhou and Chuan-Feng Li and Guang-Can Guo},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.15178},
year = {2026}
}