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Experiments are the gold standard for causal inference. In many applications, experimental units can often be recruited or chosen sequentially, and the adaptive execution of such experiments may offer greatly improved inference of causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-14 Difan Song , Simon Mak , C. F. Jeff Wu

Estimating the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) from observational data plays a crucial role in areas such as e-commerce, healthcare, and economics. Existing studies mainly rely on the strong ignorability assumption that there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Chuan Zhou , Yaxuan Li , Chunyuan Zheng , Haiteng Zhang , Haoxuan Li , Mingming Gong

Restricting randomization in the design of experiments (e.g., using blocking/stratification, pair-wise matching, or rerandomization) can improve the treatment-control balance on important covariates and therefore improve the estimation of…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-11-02 Brian Quistorff , Gentry Johnson

Balancing influential covariates is crucial for valid treatment comparisons in clinical studies. While covariate-adaptive randomization is commonly used to achieve balance, its performance can be inadequate when the number of baseline…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-30 Ziqing Guo , Yang Liu , Lucy Xia

Conformal prediction has received tremendous attention in recent years and has offered new solutions to problems in missing data and causal inference; yet these advances have not leveraged modern semiparametric efficiency theory for more…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-14 Yachong Yang , Arun Kumar Kuchibhotla , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Causal inference on the average treatment effect (ATE) using non-probability samples, such as electronic health records (EHR), faces challenges from sample selection bias and high-dimensional covariates. This requires considering a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-28 Jiacong Du , Xu Shi , Donglin Zeng , Bhramar Mukherjee

Emerging applications increasingly demand flexible covariate adaptive randomization (CAR) methods that support unequal targeted allocation ratios. While existing procedures can achieve covariate balance, they often suffer from the shift…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-27 Hengjia Fang , Wei Ma

We consider the problem of estimating the effects of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome of interest from observational data in the absence of confounding by unmeasured factors. We provide a new estimator of the population average…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-04 James Robins , Mariela Sued , Quanhong Lei-Gomez , Andrea Rotnitzky

Time-to-event outcomes are commonly used as primary endpoints in randomized clinical trials. Despite this, relatively little work incorporates baseline covariate information while also accounting for stratified randomization, a common form…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-01 Raphael C. Kim , Brian Gilbert , Ramin Zabih , Michele Santacatterina , Ivan Diaz

Treatment effect estimates are often available from randomized controlled trials as a single average treatment effect for a certain patient population. Estimates of the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) are more useful for…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-12 Wouter A. C. van Amsterdam , Rajesh Ranganath

We present an iterative framework to improve the amortized approximations of posterior distributions in the context of Bayesian inverse problems, which is inspired by loop-unrolled gradient descent methods and is theoretically grounded in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Rafael Orozco , Ali Siahkoohi , Mathias Louboutin , Felix J. Herrmann

Causal effect estimation from observational data is a crucial but challenging task. Currently, only a limited number of data-driven causal effect estimation methods are available. These methods either provide only a bound estimation of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-10 Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Kui Yu , Thuc Duy Lee , Jixue Liu

Covariate-adaptive randomization schemes such as the minimization and stratified permuted blocks are often applied in clinical trials to balance treatment assignments across prognostic factors. The existing theoretical developments on…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-21 Ting Ye , Yanyao Yi , Jun Shao

Split-plot designs find wide applicability in multifactor experiments with randomization restrictions. Practical considerations often warrant the use of unbalanced designs. This paper investigates randomization based causal inference in…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-21 Rahul Mukerjee , Tirthankar Dasgupta

Estimating the conditional quantile of the interested variable with respect to changes in the covariates is frequent in many economical applications as it can offer a comprehensive insight. In this paper, we propose a novel semiparametric…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-06-08 Jing Lv

We develop a novel approach to partially identify causal estimands, such as the average treatment effect (ATE), from observational data. To better satisfy the stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA) we utilize stochastic…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-30 Brian Knaeble , Braxton Osting , Placede Tshiaba

Covariate adjustment is a ubiquitous method used to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data. Assuming a known graphical structure of the data generating model, recent results give graphical criteria for optimal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-08 Alexander Mangulad Christgau , Anton Rask Lundborg , Niels Richard Hansen

Anomaly detection is an important task for complex systems (e.g., industrial facilities, manufacturing, large-scale science experiments), where failures in a sub-system can lead to low yield, faulty products, or even damage to components.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Ryan Humble , Zhe Zhang , Finn O'Shea , Eric Darve , Daniel Ratner

A benefit of randomized experiments is that covariate distributions of treatment and control groups are balanced on average, resulting in simple unbiased estimators for treatment effects. However, it is possible that a particular…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-01 Zach Branson , Luke Miratrix

Completely randomized experiment is the gold standard for causal inference. When the covariate information for each experimental candidate is available, one typical way is to include them in covariate adjustments for more accurate treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-10 Xin Lu , Fan Yang , Yuhao Wang