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Machine learning is a vital part of many real-world systems, but several concerns remain about the lack of interpretability, explainability and robustness of black-box AI systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) address some of these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Hidde Fokkema , Tim van Erven , Sara Magliacane

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Large Language Models (CB-LLMs), a novel framework for building inherently interpretable Large Language Models (LLMs). In contrast to traditional black-box LLMs that rely on limited post-hoc interpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chung-En Sun , Tuomas Oikarinen , Berk Ustun , Tsui-Wei Weng

We propose a novel, flexible, and efficient framework for designing Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) that enables practitioners to explicitly encode and extend their prior knowledge and beliefs about the concept-concept ($C-C$) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Nektarios Kalampalikis , Kavya Gupta , Georgi Vitanov , Isabel Valera

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are interpretable models that route predictions through a layer of human-interpretable concepts. While widely studied in vision and, more recently, in NLP, CBMs remain largely unexplored in multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Pierre Moreau , Emeline Pineau Ferrand , Yann Choho , Benjamin Wong , Annabelle Blangero , Milan Bhan

We introduce Graph Concept Bottleneck (GCB) as a new paradigm for self-explainable text-attributed graph learning. GCB maps graphs into a subspace, concept bottleneck, where each concept is a meaningful phrase, and predictions are made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Xiaoxue Han , Libo Zhang , Zining Zhu , Yue Ning

The integration of vision-language models such as CLIP and Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offers a promising approach to explaining deep neural network (DNN) decisions using concepts understandable by humans, addressing the black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Townim F. Chowdhury , Vu Minh Hieu Phan , Kewen Liao , Minh-Son To , Yutong Xie , Anton van den Hengel , Johan W. Verjans , Zhibin Liao

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent interpretability by initially translating images into human-comprehensible concepts, followed by a linear combination of these concepts for classification. However, the annotation of concepts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hangzhou He , Lei Zhu , Xinliang Zhang , Shuang Zeng , Qian Chen , Yanye Lu

Advancements in foundation models (FMs) have led to a paradigm shift in machine learning. The rich, expressive feature representations from these pre-trained, large-scale FMs are leveraged for multiple downstream tasks, usually via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Jihye Choi , Jayaram Raghuram , Yixuan Li , Somesh Jha

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are often considered black boxes due to their opaque decision-making processes. To reduce their opacity Concept Models (CMs), such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), were introduced to predict human-defined…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jack Furby , Dan Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have garnered much attention for their ability to elucidate the prediction process through a humanunderstandable concept layer. However, most previous studies focused on cases where the data, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Lijie Hu , Chenyang Ren , Zhengyu Hu , Hongbin Lin , Cheng-Long Wang , Hui Xiong , Jingfeng Zhang , Di Wang

Current deep learning models are not designed to simultaneously address three fundamental questions: predict class labels to solve a given classification task (the "What?"), simulate changes in the situation to evaluate how this impacts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Giuseppe Marra , Marc Langheinrich

Textual Concept Bottleneck Models (TCBMs) are interpretable-by-design models for text classification that predict a set of salient concepts before making the final prediction. This paper proposes Complete Textual Concept Bottleneck Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Milan Bhan , Yann Choho , Pierre Moreau , Jean-Noel Vittaut , Nicolas Chesneau , Marie-Jeanne Lesot

Despite their success in various domains, the growing dependence on GNNs raises a critical concern about the nature of the combinatorial reasoning underlying their predictions, which is often hidden within their black-box architectures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yue Niu , Zhaokai Sun , Jiayi Yang , Xiaofeng Cao , Rui Fan , Xin Sun , Hanli Wang , Wei Ye

The opaque nature of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to significant research efforts aimed at enhancing their interpretability, primarily through post-hoc methods. More recent in-hoc approaches, such as Concept Bottleneck Models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Or Raphael Bidusa , Shaul Markovitch

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) ground image classification on human-understandable concepts to allow for interpretable model decisions. Crucially, the CBM design inherently allows for human interventions, in which expert users are given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Nishad Singhi , Jae Myung Kim , Karsten Roth , Zeynep Akata

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are interpretable models that predict the target variable through high-level human-understandable concepts, allowing users to intervene on mispredicted concepts to adjust the final output. While recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wiktor Jan Hoffmann , Sonia Laguna , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Emanuele Palumbo , Julia E. Vogt

Concept-Based Models (CBMs) are a class of deep learning models that provide interpretability by explaining predictions through high-level concepts. These models first predict concepts and then use them to perform a downstream task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Gabriele Dominici , Giuseppe Marra

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to deliver interpretable predictions by routing decisions through a human-understandable concept layer, yet they often suffer reduced accuracy and concept leakage that undermines faithfulness. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Karim Galliamov , Syed M Ahsan Kazmi , Adil Khan , Adín Ramírez Rivera

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have been proposed as a compromise between white-box and black-box models, aiming to achieve interpretability without sacrificing accuracy. The standard training procedure for CBMs is to predefine a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jean Feng , Avni Kothari , Luke Zier , Chandan Singh , Yan Shuo Tan

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance interpretability by introducing a layer of human-understandable concepts between inputs and predictions. While recent methods automate concept generation using Large Language Models (LLMs) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Delong Zhao , Qiang Huang , Di Yan , Yiqun Sun , Jun Yu