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We demonstrate that explicitly aligning the pretraining objectives to the finetuning objectives in language model training significantly improves the finetuning task performance and reduces the minimum amount of finetuning examples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Nuo Wang Pierse , Jingwen Lu

Group-based reinforcement learning algorithms such as Group Reward Policy Optimization (GRPO) have proven effective for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with human feedback. However, generating and storing multiple responses per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Liangyu Wang , Huanyi Xie , Xinhai Wang , Tianjin Huang , Mengdi Li , Di Wang

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a de-facto approach for aligning language models with human preferences. Recent work has shown DPO's effectiveness relies on training data quality. In particular, clear quality differences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Nirav Diwan , Tolga Ergen , Dongsub Shim , Honglak Lee

Pretrained language models (PLMs) have shown remarkable few-shot learning capabilities when provided with properly formatted examples. However, selecting the "best" examples remains an open challenge. We propose a complexity-based prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Rishabh Adiga , Lakshminarayanan Subramanian , Varun Chandrasekaran

Recent advancements in the field of large language models, particularly through the Chain of Thought (CoT) approach, have demonstrated significant improvements in solving complex problems. However, existing models either tend to sacrifice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yijiong Yu

This study investigates the effectiveness of reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning techniques on a compact language model (Qwen2.5-0.5B Base) for two challenging tasks: instruction following and mathematical reasoning. We compare…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yifu Han , Geo Zhang

Creating a linguistic resource is often done by using a machine learning model that filters the content that goes through to a human annotator, before going into the final resource. However, budgets are often limited, and the amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Filip Klubička , Giancarlo D. Salton , John D. Kelleher

The success of modern deep learning is attributed to two key elements: huge amounts of training data and large model sizes. Where a vast amount of data allows the model to learn more features, the large model architecture boosts the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Muhammad Asif Khan , Ridha Hamila , Hamid Menouar

Standard adversarial training approaches suffer from robust overfitting where the robust accuracy decreases when models are adversarially trained for too long. The origin of this problem is still unclear and conflicting explanations have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Muhammad Zaid Hameed , Beat Buesser

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for tasks requiring complex reasoning, prompting significant interest in improving their reasoning abilities through post-training. Especially RL based methods using verifiable reward,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mathieu Reymond , Boxing Chen , Yufei Cui , Sarath Chandar

We show that in language learning, contrary to received wisdom, keeping exceptional training instances in memory can be beneficial for generalization accuracy. We investigate this phenomenon empirically on a selection of benchmark natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Walter Daelemans , Antal van den Bosch , Jakub Zavrel

Reinforcement learning is now widely adopted as the final stage of large language model training, especially for reasoning-style tasks such as maths problems. Typically, models attempt each question many times during a single training step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Thomas Foster , Anya Sims , Johannes Forkel , Mattie Fellows , Jakob Foerster

Group Relative Policy Optimisation (GRPO) enhances large language models by estimating advantages across a group of sampled trajectories. However, mapping these trajectory-level advantages to policy updates requires aggregating token-level…

It is crucial for large language models (LLMs) to follow instructions that involve multiple constraints. However, it is an unexplored area to enhance LLMs' ability to follow soft constraints. To bridge the gap, we initially design a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Qingyu Ren , Jie Zeng , Qianyu He , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao , Weikang Zhou , Zeye Sun , Fei Yu

Not all examples are created equal, but standard deep neural network training protocols treat each training point uniformly. Each example is propagated forward and backward through the network the same amount of times, independent of how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Niel Teng Hu , Xinyu Hu , Rosanne Liu , Sara Hooker , Jason Yosinski

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) encounters a significant challenge: models often fail to produce accurate responses, particularly in small-scale architectures. This limitation not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fu Chen , Peng Wang , Xiyin Li , Wen Li , Shichi Lei , Dongdong Xiang

Prior work has shown that language models can be tuned to follow user instructions using only a small set of high-quality instructions. This has accelerated the development of methods that filter a large, noisy instruction-tuning datasets…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Harshita Diddee , Daphne Ippolito

Several instance-based explainability methods for finding influential training examples for test-time decisions have been proposed recently, including Influence Functions, TraceIn, Representer Point Selection, Grad-Dot, and Grad-Cos.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Karthikeyan K , Anders Søgaard

Diffusion models suffer from the huge consumption of time and resources to train. For example, diffusion models need hundreds of GPUs to train for several weeks for a high-resolution generative task to meet the requirements of an extremely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Bin Xie , Gady Agam

When applying reinforcement learning--typically through GRPO--to large vision-language model reasoning struggles to effectively scale reasoning length or generates verbose outputs across all tasks with only marginal gains in accuracy. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Wenyi Xiao , Leilei Gan