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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable success in comprehension tasks such as visual description and visual question answering. However, their direct application to embedding-based tasks like retrieval remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Lihao Liu , Yan Wang , Biao Yang , Da Li , Jiangxia Cao , Yuxiao Luo , Xiang Chen , Xiangyu Wu , Wei Yuan , Fan Yang , Guiguang Ding , Tingting Gao , Guorui Zhou

Multimodal retrieval is becoming a crucial component of modern AI applications, yet its evaluation lags behind the demands of more realistic and challenging scenarios. Existing benchmarks primarily probe surface-level semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Junjie Zhou , Ze Liu , Lei Xiong , Jin-Ge Yao , Yueze Wang , Shitao Xiao , Fenfen Lin , Miguel Hu Chen , Zhicheng Dou , Siqi Bao , Defu Lian , Yongping Xiong , Zheng Liu

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly broadened the scope of applications in natural language processing, with multi-modal LLMs extending these capabilities to integrate and interpret visual data. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Bingchen Zhao , Yongshuo Zong , Letian Zhang , Timothy Hospedales

Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) addresses key limitations of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), such as hallucination and outdated knowledge. However, current MRAG systems struggle to distinguish whether retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Xihang Wang , Zihan Wang , Chengkai Huang , Quan Z. Sheng , Lina Yao

The astonishing breakthrough of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has necessitated new benchmarks to quantitatively assess their capabilities, reveal their limitations, and indicate future research directions. However, this is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Fengxiang Wang , Hongzhen Wang , Mingshuo Chen , Di Wang , Yulin Wang , Zonghao Guo , Qiang Ma , Long Lan , Wenjing Yang , Jing Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Drones have become prevalent robotic platforms with diverse applications, showing significant potential in Embodied Artificial Intelligence (Embodied AI). Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) enables drones to locate objects based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zhichao Sun , Yepeng Liu , Zhiling Su , Huachao Zhu , Yuliang Gu , Yuda Zou , Zelong Liu , Gui-Song Xia , Bo Du , Yongchao Xu

Large language models equipped with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) represent a burgeoning field aimed at enhancing answering capabilities by leveraging external knowledge bases. Although the application of RAG with language-only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Cheng Tan , Jingxuan Wei , Linzhuang Sun , Zhangyang Gao , Siyuan Li , Bihui Yu , Ruifeng Guo , Stan Z. Li

Referring Expression Generation (REG) aims to generate unambiguous Referring Expressions (REs) for objects in a visual scene, with a dual task of Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) to locate the referred object. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Fulong Ye , Yuxing Long , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang

Referring expression comprehension (REC) aims at achieving object localization based on natural language descriptions. However, existing REC approaches are constrained by object category descriptions and single-attribute intention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Hao Guo , Jianfei Zhu , Wei Fan , Chunzhi Yi , Feng Jiang

Language models (LMs) and their extension, vision-language models (VLMs), have achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they still struggle with complex reasoning tasks that require multimodal or multilingual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Wenyi Wu , Zixuan Song , Kun Zhou , Yifei Shao , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in various multi-modal tasks. Nevertheless, their performance in fine-grained image understanding tasks is still limited. To address this issue, this paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Shiyu Xuan , Qingpei Guo , Ming Yang , Shiliang Zhang

Reward models play an essential role in training vision-language models (VLMs) by assessing output quality to enable aligning with human preferences. Despite their importance, the research community lacks comprehensive open benchmarks for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Michihiro Yasunaga , Luke Zettlemoyer , Marjan Ghazvininejad

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising results in a variety of tasks that combine vision and language. As these models become more integral to research and applications, conducting comprehensive evaluations of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Fuwen Luo , Chi Chen , Zihao Wan , Zhaolu Kang , Qidong Yan , Yingjie Li , Xiaolong Wang , Siyu Wang , Ziyue Wang , Xiaoyue Mi , Peng Li , Ning Ma , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

Humans build viewpoint-independent cognitive maps through navigation, enabling intuitive reasoning about object permanence and spatial relations. We argue that multimodal large language models (MLLMs), despite extensive video training, lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jacob Thompson , Emiliano Garcia-Lopez , Yonatan Bisk

Referring expression counting (REC) algorithms are for more flexible and interactive counting ability across varied fine-grained text expressions. However, the requirement for fine-grained attribute understanding poses challenges for prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhicheng Wang , Zhiyu Pan , Zhan Peng , Jian Cheng , Liwen Xiao , Wei Jiang , Zhiguo Cao

Large Multimodal Models(LMMs) face notable challenges when encountering multimodal knowledge conflicts, particularly under retrieval-augmented generation(RAG) frameworks where the contextual information from external sources may contradict…

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize the target objects specified by free-form natural language descriptions in images. While state-of-the-art methods achieve impressive performance, they perform a dense perception of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Wei Su , Peihan Miao , Huanzhang Dou , Xi Li

While image captioning through machines requires structured learning and basis for interpretation, improvement requires multiple context understanding and processing in a meaningful way. This research will provide a novel concept for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Chiranjib Sur

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in handling a variety of visual-language tasks. However, current MLLM benchmarks are predominantly designed to evaluate reasoning based on static information about a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Xiyao Wang , Yuhang Zhou , Xiaoyu Liu , Hongjin Lu , Yuancheng Xu , Feihong He , Jaehong Yoon , Taixi Lu , Gedas Bertasius , Mohit Bansal , Huaxiu Yao , Furong Huang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive progress in vision-language reasoning, yet their ability to understand temporally unfolding narratives in videos remains underexplored. True narrative understanding requires…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hyeonjeong Ha , Jinjin Ge , Bo Feng , Kaixin Ma , Gargi Chakraborty