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Prompt engineering has emerged as a powerful technique for optimizing large language models (LLMs) for specific applications, enabling faster prototyping and improved performance, and giving rise to the interest of the community in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Roman Levin , Valeriia Cherepanova , Abhimanyu Hans , Avi Schwarzschild , Tom Goldstein

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced Information Retrieval (IR) across various modules, such as reranking. Despite impressive performance, current zero-shot relevance ranking with LLMs heavily relies on human prompt…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Can Jin , Hongwu Peng , Shiyu Zhao , Zhenting Wang , Wujiang Xu , Ligong Han , Jiahui Zhao , Kai Zhong , Sanguthevar Rajasekaran , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Annotating and recognizing speech emotion using prompt engineering has recently emerged with the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy and reliability remain questionable. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Yuanchao Li , Yuan Gong , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Peter Bell , Catherine Lai

Consistently scaling pre-trained language models (PLMs) imposes substantial burdens on model adaptation, necessitating more efficient alternatives to conventional fine-tuning. Given the advantage of prompting in the zero-shot setting and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Yulin Chen , Ning Ding , Xiaobin Wang , Shengding Hu , Hai-Tao Zheng , Zhiyuan Liu , Pengjun Xie

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Prompt engineering plays a key role in adding more to the already existing abilities of LLMs to achieve significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shubham Vatsal , Harsh Dubey

Actively inferring user preferences, for example by asking good questions, is important for any human-facing decision-making system. Active inference allows such systems to adapt and personalize themselves to nuanced individual preferences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Wasu Top Piriyakulkij , Volodymyr Kuleshov , Kevin Ellis

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly common in educational applications, there is a growing need for evidence-based methods to design and evaluate LLM prompts that produce personalized and pedagogically aligned out-puts. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Langdon Holmes , Adam Coscia , Scott Crossley , Joon Suh Choi , Wesley Morris

Relevance evaluation of a query and a passage is essential in Information Retrieval (IR). Recently, numerous studies have been conducted on tasks related to relevance judgment using Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4, demonstrating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Jaekeol Choi

Large Language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for addressing challenges across diverse domains. Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that large language models significantly enhance the efficiency of biomolecular analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jiyue Jiang , Zikang Wang , Yuheng Shan , Heyan Chai , Jiayi Li , Zixian Ma , Xinrui Zhang , Yu Li

System prompts in Large Language Models (LLMs) are predefined directives that guide model behaviour, taking precedence over user inputs in text processing and generation. LLM deployers increasingly use them to ensure consistent responses…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Anna Neumann , Elisabeth Kirsten , Muhammad Bilal Zafar , Jatinder Singh

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been successfully applied to many fields, showing outstanding comprehension and reasoning capabilities. Despite their great potential, LLMs usually require dedicated pre-training and fine-tuning…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hao Zhou , Chengming Hu , Dun Yuan , Ye Yuan , Di Wu , Xi Chen , Hina Tabassum , Xue Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be tasked with scoring texts according to pre-defined criteria and on a defined scale, but there is no recognised optimal prompting strategy for this. This article focuses on the task of LLMs scoring journal…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mike Thelwall

Many capable large language models (LLMs) are developed via self-supervised pre-training followed by a reinforcement-learning fine-tuning phase, often based on human or AI feedback. During this stage, models may be guided by their inductive…

Large language models (LLMs) can explain grammatical rules, yet they often fail to apply those rules when judging sentence acceptability. We present "grammar prompting", an explain-then-process paradigm: a large LLM first produces a concise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Russell Scheinberg , Ameeta Agrawal , Amber Shore , So Young Lee

The drastic increase of large language models' (LLMs) parameters has led to a new research direction of fine-tuning-free downstream customization by prompts, i.e., task descriptions. While these prompt-based services (e.g. OpenAI's GPTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Haoyang Li

Recent advances have shown that optimizing prompts for Large Language Models (LLMs) can significantly improve task performance, yet many optimization techniques rely on heuristics or manual exploration. We present LatentPrompt, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mateusz Bystroński , Grzegorz Piotrowski , Nitesh V. Chawla , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable machine translation (MT) abilities via prompting, even though they were not explicitly trained for this task. However, even given the incredible quantities of data they are trained on,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Marjan Ghazvininejad , Hila Gonen , Luke Zettlemoyer

We study whether automatically-induced prompts that effectively extract information from a language model can also be used, out-of-the-box, to probe other language models for the same information. After confirming that discrete prompts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Roberto Dessì , Fabio Petroni , Sebastian Riedel , Marco Baroni

Prompt engineering has emerged as a critical component in optimizing large language models (LLMs) for domain-specific tasks. However, the role of prompt specificity, especially in domains like STEM (physics, chemistry, biology, computer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Dimitri Schreiter