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Spatial reasoning has emerged as a critical capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), drawing increasing attention and rapid advancement. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on single-step perception-to-judgment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Rui Zhu , Xin Shen , Shuchen Wu , Chenxi Miao , Xin Yu , Yang Li , Weikang Li , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang

Spatial understanding is a crucial capability that enables robots to perceive their surroundings, reason about their environment, and interact with it meaningfully. In modern robotics, these capabilities are increasingly provided by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Chan Hee Song , Valts Blukis , Jonathan Tremblay , Stephen Tyree , Yu Su , Stan Birchfield

Large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks and domains. Despite this promise, spatial understanding and reasoning -- a fundamental component of human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jiayu Wang , Yifei Ming , Zhenmei Shi , Vibhav Vineet , Xin Wang , Yixuan Li , Neel Joshi

Although neural models have performed impressively well on various tasks such as image recognition and question answering, their reasoning ability has been measured in only few studies. In this work, we focus on spatial reasoning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Hyunjae Kim , Yookyung Koh , Jinheon Baek , Jaewoo Kang

Objective: The study examined the effects of varying all three core elements of cognitive load on learning efficiency during a shape assembly task in virtual reality (VR). Background: Adaptive training systems aim to improve learning…

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently gained attention due to their competitive performance on multiple downstream tasks, achieved by following user-input instructions. However, VLMs still exhibit several limitations in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Simone Alghisi , Gabriel Roccabruna , Massimo Rizzoli , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Spatial reasoning is a key aspect of cognitive psychology and remains a bottleneck for current vision-language models (VLMs). While extensive research has aimed to evaluate or improve VLMs' understanding of basic spatial relations, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mengdi Jia , Zekun Qi , Shaochen Zhang , Wenyao Zhang , Xinqiang Yu , Jiawei He , He Wang , Li Yi

As the field of deep learning steadily transitions from the realm of academic research to practical application, the significance of self-supervised pretraining methods has become increasingly prominent. These methods, particularly in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Toni Albert , Bjoern Eskofier , Dario Zanca

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in using Virtual Reality (VR) technology to benefit instruction, especially in physics and related subjects. As VR devices improve and become more widely available, there remains a number of…

We present a study of student learning through the use of virtual reality. A software package is used to introduce concepts of special relativity to students in a game-like environment where users experience the effects of travelling at…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-05-14 D. McGrath , M. Wegener , T. J. McIntyre , C. M. Savage , M. Williamson

A novel skill learning approach is proposed that allows a robot to acquire human-like visuospatial skills for object manipulation tasks. Visuospatial skills are attained by observing spatial relationships among objects through…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-06-06 S. Reza Ahmadzadeh , Fulvio Mastrogiovanni , Petar Kormushev

Vision Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate strong qualitative visual understanding, but struggle with metrically precise spatial reasoning required for embodied applications. The agentic paradigm promises that VLMs can use a wide variety of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Siyi Chen , Mikaela Angelina Uy , Chan Hee Song , Faisal Ladhak , Adithyavairavan Murali , Qing Qu , Stan Birchfield , Valts Blukis , Jonathan Tremblay

3D spatial reasoning is the ability to analyze and interpret the positions, orientations, and spatial relationships of objects within the 3D space. This allows models to develop a comprehensive understanding of the 3D scene, enabling their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Wufei Ma , Haoyu Chen , Guofeng Zhang , Yu-Cheng Chou , Jieneng Chen , Celso M de Melo , Alan Yuille

Large Language Models (LLMs) have undergone rapid progress, largely attributed to reinforcement learning on complex reasoning tasks. In contrast, while spatial intelligence is fundamental for Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zijian Song , Xiaoxin Lin , Qiuming Huang , Sihan Qin , Guangrun Wang , Liang Lin

Spatial reasoning in 3D space is central to human cognition and indispensable for embodied tasks such as navigation and manipulation. However, state-of-the-art vision-language models (VLMs) struggle frequently with tasks as simple as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yuncong Yang , Jiageng Liu , Zheyuan Zhang , Siyuan Zhou , Reuben Tan , Jianwei Yang , Yilun Du , Chuang Gan

Humans naturally possess the spatial reasoning ability to form and manipulate images and structures of objects in space. There is an increasing effort to endow Vision-Language Models (VLMs) with similar spatial reasoning capabilities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiahuan Zhang , Shunwen Bai , Tianheng Wang , Kaiwen Guo , Kai Han , Guozheng Rao , Kaicheng Yu

Spatial cognition is essential for human intelligence, enabling problem-solving through visual simulations rather than solely relying on verbal reasoning. However, existing AI benchmarks primarily assess verbal reasoning, neglecting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Linjie Li , Mahtab Bigverdi , Jiawei Gu , Zixian Ma , Yinuo Yang , Ziang Li , Yejin Choi , Ranjay Krishna

Service robots are expected to reliably make sense of complex, fast-changing environments. From a cognitive standpoint, they need the appropriate reasoning capabilities and background knowledge required to exhibit human-like Visual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Agnese Chiatti , Gianluca Bardaro , Enrico Motta , Enrico Daga

The proliferation of virtual reality (VR) has led to its increasing adoption as an immersive medium for delivering presentations, distinct from other VR experiences like games and 360-degree videos by sharing information in richly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Liwei Wu , Yilin Zhang , Justin Leung , Jingyi Gao , April Li , Jian Zhao

Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in understanding and reasoning about visual content, but significant challenges persist in tasks requiring cross-viewpoint understanding and spatial reasoning. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Dingming Li , Hongxing Li , Zixuan Wang , Yuchen Yan , Hang Zhang , Siqi Chen , Guiyang Hou , Shengpei Jiang , Wenqi Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu , Yueting Zhuang