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Visual Spatial Reasoning (VSR) is a core human cognitive ability and a critical requirement for advancing embodied intelligence and autonomous systems. Despite recent progress in Vision-Language Models (VLMs), achieving human-level VSR…

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. While Vision Language Models (VLM) have demonstrated remarkable performance in certain VQA benchmarks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Boyuan Chen , Zhuo Xu , Sean Kirmani , Brian Ichter , Danny Driess , Pete Florence , Dorsa Sadigh , Leonidas Guibas , Fei Xia

Vision language models (VLMs) perform well on many tasks but often fail at spatial reasoning, which is essential for navigation and interaction with physical environments. Many spatial reasoning tasks depend on fundamental two-dimensional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yihong Tang , Ao Qu , Zhaokai Wang , Dingyi Zhuang , Zhaofeng Wu , Wei Ma , Shenhao Wang , Yunhan Zheng , Zhan Zhao , Jinhua Zhao

Augmented Reality (AR) offers promising opportunities to enhance learning, but its mechanisms and effects are not yet fully understood. As learning becomes increasingly personalized, considering individual learner characteristics becomes…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nicolas Leins , Jana Gonnermann-Müller , Malte Teichmann , Sebastian Pokutta

Capturing spatial relationships from visual inputs is a cornerstone of human-like general intelligence. Several previous studies have tried to enhance the spatial awareness of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) by adding extra expert encoders,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rui Yang , Ziyu Zhu , Yanwei Li , Jingjia Huang , Shen Yan , Siyuan Zhou , Zhe Liu , Xiangtai Li , Shuangye Li , Wenqian Wang , Yi Lin , Hengshuang Zhao

Spatial reasoning remains a fundamental challenge for Vision-Language Models (VLMs), with current approaches struggling to achieve robust performance despite recent advances. We identify that this limitation stems from a critical gap:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hongxing Li , Dingming Li , Zixuan Wang , Yuchen Yan , Hang Wu , Wenqi Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp

Virtual Reality (VR) is rapidly increasing in popularity as a teaching tool. It allows for the creation of a highly immersive, three-dimensional virtual environment intended to simulate real-life environments. With more robots saturating…

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently emerged as powerful tools, excelling in tasks that integrate visual and textual comprehension, such as image captioning, visual question answering, and image-text retrieval. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ilias Stogiannidis , Steven McDonagh , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

Visual commonsense reasoning (VCR) is a challenging multi-modal task, which requires high-level cognition and commonsense reasoning ability about the real world. In recent years, large-scale pre-training approaches have been developed and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Cheng Yang , Rui Xu , Ye Guo , Peixiang Huang , Yiru Chen , Wenkui Ding , Zhongyuan Wang , Hong Zhou

As textual reasoning with large language models (LLMs) has advanced significantly, there has been growing interest in enhancing the multimodal reasoning capabilities of large vision-language models (LVLMs). However, existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Junfei Wu , Jian Guan , Kaituo Feng , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Liang Wang , Wei Wu , Tieniu Tan

Poor social skills in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are associated with reduced independence in daily life. Current interventions for improving the social skills of individuals with ASD fail to represent the complexity of real-life social…

The rising interest in Virtual Reality (VR) technology has sparked a desire to create immersive learning platforms capable of handling various tasks across environments. Through immersive interfaces, users can engage deeply with virtual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zheng Wei , Junxiang Liao , Lik-Hang Lee , Huamin Qu , Xian Xu

We present MetaSpatial, the first reinforcement learning (RL)-based framework designed to enhance 3D spatial reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs), enabling real-time 3D scene generation without the need for hard-coded optimizations.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zhenyu Pan , Han Liu

Vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive results on single-view vision tasks, but lack the multi-view spatial reasoning capabilities essential for embodied AI systems to understand 3D environments and manipulate objects across…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Suchae Jeong , Jaehwi Song , Haeone Lee , Hanna Kim , Jian Kim , Dongjun Lee , Dong Kyu Shin , Changyeon Kim , Dongyoon Hahm , Woogyeol Jin , Juheon Choi , Kimin Lee

Spatial reasoning ability is crucial for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to support real-world applications in diverse domains including robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation. Unfortunately, existing benchmarks are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinmiao Huang , Qisong He , Zhenglin Huang , Boxuan Wang , Zhuoyun Li , Guangliang Cheng , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

With the rapid progress in virtual reality (VR) technology, the scope of VR applications has greatly expanded across various domains. However, the superiority of VR training over traditional methods and its impact on learning efficacy are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Weichao Lin , Liang Chen , Wei Xiong , Kang Ran , Anlan Fan

Spatial reasoning is an essential problem in embodied AI research. Efforts to enhance spatial reasoning abilities through supplementary spatial data and fine-tuning have proven limited and ineffective when addressing complex embodied tasks,…

Vision-language models (VLMs) work well in tasks ranging from image captioning to visual question answering (VQA), yet they struggle with spatial reasoning, a key skill for understanding our physical world that humans excel at. We find that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Michael Ogezi , Freda Shi
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