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Existing end-to-end autonomous driving methods typically rely on imitation learning (IL) but face a key challenge: the misalignment between open-loop training and closed-loop deployment. This misalignment often triggers driver-initiated…

End-to-end autonomous driving is typically built upon imitation learning (IL), yet its performance is constrained by the quality of human demonstrations. To overcome this limitation, recent methods incorporate reinforcement learning (RL)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhexi Lian , Haoran Wang , Xuerun Yan , Weimeng Lin , Xianhong Zhang , Yongyu Chen , Jia Hu

As modern air combat evolves toward beyond-visual-range (BVR) multi-aircraft cooperative engagements, autonomous decision-making for unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) faces significant challenges due to high-dimensional state spaces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chengwei Li , Junlin Liu , Yang Gao

Accurate trajectory prediction is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of autonomous vehicles. The growing popularity of deep learning has led to the development of numerous methods for trajectory prediction. While deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Kehua Chen , Xianda Chen , Zihan Yu , Meixin Zhu , Hai Yang

As a core part of autonomous driving systems, motion planning has received extensive attention from academia and industry. However, real-time trajectory planning capable of spatial-temporal joint optimization is challenged by nonholonomic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Zhichao Han , Yuwei Wu , Tong Li , Lu Zhang , Liuao Pei , Long Xu , Chengyang Li , Changjia Ma , Chao Xu , Shaojie Shen , Fei Gao

Trajectory prediction is an essential step in the pipeline of an autonomous vehicle. Inaccurate or inconsistent predictions regarding the movement of agents in its surroundings lead to poorly planned maneuvers and potentially dangerous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Caio Azevedo , Lina Achaji , Stefano Sabatini , Nicola Poerio , Grzegorz Bartyzel , Sascha Hornauer , Fabien Moutarde

Traditional classification algorithms assume that training and test data come from similar distributions. This assumption is violated in adversarial settings, where malicious actors modify instances to evade detection. A number of custom…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Bo Li , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Xinyun Chen

End-to-end autonomous driving models based on Vision-Language-Action (VLA) architectures have shown promising results by learning driving policies through behavior cloning on expert demonstrations. However, imitation learning inherently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zihao Sheng , Xin Ye , Jingru Luo , Sikai Chen , Liu Ren

End-to-End Autonomous Driving (E2E-AD) systems are typically grouped by the nature of their outputs: (i) waypoint-based models that predict a future trajectory, and (ii) action-based models that directly output throttle, steer and brake.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jorge Daniel Rodríguez-Vidal , Gabriel Villalonga , Diego Porres , Antonio M. López Peña

End-to-end autonomous driving has gained significant attention for its potential to learn robust behavior in interactive scenarios and scale with data. Popular architectures often build on separate modules for perception and planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 David Holtz , Niklas Hanselmann , Simon Doll , Marius Cordts , Bernt Schiele

Trajectory sampling in the Frenet(road-aligned) frame, is one of the most popular methods for motion planning of autonomous vehicles. It operates by sampling a set of behavioural inputs, such as lane offset and forward speed, before solving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jatan Shrestha , Simon Idoko , Basant Sharma , Arun Kumar Singh

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models in autonomous driving systems have recently demonstrated transformative potential by integrating multimodal perception with decision-making capabilities. However, the interpretability and coherence of the…

For end-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD), the evaluation system remains an open problem. Existing closed-loop evaluation protocols usually rely on simulators like CARLA being less realistic; while NAVSIM using real-world vision data, yet…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Junqi You , Xiaosong Jia , Zhiyuan Zhang , Yutao Zhu , Junchi Yan

This paper proposes a unified decision making and local trajectory planning framework based on Time-Varying Artificial Potential Fields (TVAPFs). The TVAPF explicitly models the predicted motion via bounded uncertainty of dynamic obstacles…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 David Costa , Francesco Cerrito , Massimo Canale , Carlo Novara

Self-driving vehicles must be able to act intelligently in diverse and difficult environments, marked by high-dimensional state spaces, a myriad of optimization objectives and complex behaviors. Traditionally, classical optimization and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Josiah Coad , Zhiqian Qiao , John M. Dolan

We introduce ReflectDrive-2, a masked discrete diffusion planner with separate action expert for autonomous driving that represents plans as discrete trajectory tokens and generates them through parallel masked decoding. This discrete token…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Huimin Wang , Yue Wang , Bihao Cui , Pengxiang Li , Ben Lu , Mingqian Wang , Tong Wang , Chuan Tang , Teng Zhang , Kun Zhan

End-to-end multi-modal planning has become a transformative paradigm in autonomous driving, effectively addressing behavioral multi-modality and the generalization challenge in long-tail scenarios. We propose AnchDrive, a framework for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Jinhao Chai , Anqing Jiang , Hao Jiang , Shiyi Mu , Zichong Gu , Hao Sun , Shugong Xu

Driving safely requires multiple capabilities from human and intelligent agents, such as the generalizability to unseen environments, the safety awareness of the surrounding traffic, and the decision-making in complex multi-agent settings.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Quanyi Li , Zhenghao Peng , Lan Feng , Qihang Zhang , Zhenghai Xue , Bolei Zhou

End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising paradigm for directly mapping sensor inputs to planning maneuvers using learning-based modular integrations. However, existing imitation learning (IL)-based models suffer from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haochen Liu , Tianyu Li , Haohan Yang , Li Chen , Caojun Wang , Ke Guo , Haochen Tian , Hongchen Li , Hongyang Li , Chen Lv

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a promising solution by replacing human drivers with advanced computer-aided decision-making systems. However, for AVs to effectively navigate the road, they must possess the capability to predict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Vibha Bharilya , Neetesh Kumar