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This paper develops a robust and efficient method for policy learning from observational data in the presence of unobserved confounding, complementing existing instrumental variable (IV) based approaches. We employ the marginal sensitivity…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-29 Zequn Jin , Gaoqian Xu , Xi Zheng , Yahong Zhou

We consider the problem of estimating parameter sensitivity for Markovian models of reaction networks. Sensitivity values measure the responsiveness of an output to the model parameters. They help in analyzing the network, understanding its…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-04-18 Ankit Gupta , Mustafa Khammash

We propose a method to distinguish causal influence from hidden confounding in the following scenario: given a target variable Y, potential causal drivers X, and a large number of background features, we propose a novel criterion for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-07 You-Lin Chen , Lenon Minorics , Dominik Janzing

This study introduces GCO-HPIF, a general machine-learning-based framework to predict and explain the computational hardness of combinatorial optimization problems that can be represented on graphs. The framework consists of two stages. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Bharat Sharman , Elkafi Hassini

Causal inference methods for observational data are highly regarded due to their wide applicability. While there are already numerous methods available for de-confounding bias, these methods generally assume that covariates consist solely…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-30 Yonghe Zhao , Huiyan Sun

In this work, we deepen on the use of normalizing flows for causal reasoning. Specifically, we first leverage recent results on non-linear ICA to show that causal models are identifiable from observational data given a causal ordering, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Adrián Javaloy , Pablo Sánchez-Martín , Isabel Valera

When studying the causal effect of $x$ on $y$, researchers may conduct regression and report a confidence interval for the slope coefficient $\beta_{x}$. This common confidence interval provides an assessment of uncertainty from sampling…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-26 Brian Knaeble , Braxton Osting , Mark Abramson

Explainability of graph neural networks (GNNs) aims to answer "Why the GNN made a certain prediction?", which is crucial to interpret the model prediction. The feature attribution framework distributes a GNN's prediction to its input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Ying-Xin Wu , Xiang Wang , An Zhang , Xia Hu , Fuli Feng , Xiangnan He , Tat-Seng Chua

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have gained considerable traction for their capability to effectively process topological data, yet their interpretability remains a critical concern. Current interpretation methods are dominated by post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Jiahua Rao , Jiancong Xie , Hanjing Lin , Shuangjia Zheng , Zhen Wang , Yuedong Yang

Non-random sample selection is a commonplace amongst many empirical studies and it appears when an output variable of interest is available only for a restricted non-random sub-sample of data. We introduce an extension of the generalized…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-08-18 M. Wojtyś , G. Marra

We report assumption-free bounds for any contrast between the probabilities of the potential outcome under exposure and non-exposure when the confounders are missing not at random. We assume that the missingness mechanism is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-04 Jose M. Peña

We consider a causal inference model in which individuals interact in a social network and they may not comply with the assigned treatments. In particular, we suppose that the form of network interference is unknown to researchers. To…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-24 Tadao Hoshino , Takahide Yanagi

We study the problem of globally optimising a target variable of an unknown causal graph on which a sequence of soft or hard interventions can be performed. The problem of optimising the target variable associated with a causal graph is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Sumantrak Mukherjee , Mengyan Zhang , Seth Flaxman , Sebastian Josef Vollmer

Objective: Modelling the associations from high-throughput experimental molecular data has provided unprecedented insights into biological pathways and signalling mechanisms. Graphical models and networks have especially proven to be useful…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-04-24 Marco Scutari , Radhakrishnan Nagarajan

Sensitivity analysis is widely used to assess the robustness of causal conclusions in observational studies, yet its interaction with the structure of measured covariates is often overlooked. When latent confounders cannot be directly…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-17 Abhinandan Dalal , Iris Horng , Yang Feng , Dylan S. Small

The ability of reasoning beyond data fitting is substantial to deep learning systems in order to make a leap forward towards artificial general intelligence. A lot of efforts have been made to model neural-based reasoning as an iterative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Xiaoran Xu , Wei Feng , Zhiqing Sun , Zhi-Hong Deng

Causal discovery from data affected by unobserved variables is an important but difficult problem to solve. The effects that unobserved variables have on the relationships between observed variables are more complex in nonlinear cases than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Takashi Nicholas Maeda , Shohei Shimizu

In observational studies, exposures are often continuous rather than binary or discrete. At the same time, sensitivity analysis is an important tool that can help determine the robustness of a causal conclusion to a certain level of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-15 Jeffrey Zhang

Causal discovery and inference from observational data is an essential problem in statistics posing both modeling and computational challenges. These are typically addressed by imposing strict assumptions on the joint distribution such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-20 Enrico Giudice , Jack Kuipers , Giusi Moffa

Analysts often make visual causal inferences about possible data-generating models. However, visual analytics (VA) software tends to leave these models implicit in the mind of the analyst, which casts doubt on the statistical validity of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Alex Kale , Yifan Wu , Jessica Hullman