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The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol [GKL15] is an abstraction of the bitcoin proof-of-work consensus protocol. We use a model-checking tool (UPPAALSMC) to examine the concrete security of proof-ofwork consensus by varying protocol parameters and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Max DiGiacomo-Castillo , Yiyun Liang , Advay Pal , John C. Mitchell

Bitcoin's Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism, while central to achieving decentralized consensus, has long been criticized for excessive energy use and hardware inefficiencies \cite{devries2018bitcoin, truby2018decarbonizing}. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Mohammad Ishzaz Asif Rafid , Morsalin Sakib

Optimistic responsiveness -- the ability of a consensus protocol to operate at the speed of the network -- is widely used in consensus protocol design to optimize latency and throughput. However, blockchain applications incentivize…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kaya Alpturer , Kushal Babel , Aditya Saraf

We introduce a new permissionless blockchain architecture called ABC. ABC is completely asynchronous, and does rely on neither randomness nor proof-of-work. ABC can be parallelized, and transactions have finality within one round trip of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Jakub Sliwinski , Roger Wattenhofer

The LMD GHOST consensus protocol is a critical component of proof-of-stake Ethereum. In its current form, this protocol is brittle, as evidenced by recent attacks and patching attempts. We propose Goldfish, a new protocol that satisfies key…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Francesco D'Amato , Joachim Neu , Ertem Nusret Tas , David Tse

Blockchain technology enables secure, transparent data management in decentralized systems, supporting applications from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to tokenizing real-world assets like property. Its scalability and sustainability hinge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Zan-Kai Chong , Hiroyuki Ohsaki , Bryan Ng

Decentralized systems built around blockchain technology promise clients an immutable ledger. They add a transaction to the ledger after it undergoes consensus among the replicas that run a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or Byzantine Fault-Tolerant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Junchao Chen , Suyash Gupta , Alberto Sonnino , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Mohammad Sadoghi

Distributed ledger technology has gained wide popularity and adoption since the emergence of bitcoin in 2008 which is based on proof of work (PoW). It is a distributed, transparent and immutable database of records of all the transactions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-10 Abdul Wahab , Waqas Mehmood

The Bitcoin cryptocurrency has received much attention recently. In the network of Bitcoin, transactions are recorded in a ledger. In this network, the process of recording transactions depends on some nodes called miners that execute a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Ali Nikhalat-Jahromi , Ali Mohammad Saghiri , Mohammad Reza Meybodi

This paper investigates leaderless binary majority consensus protocols with low computational complexity in noisy Byzantine infrastructures. Using computer simulations, we show that explicit randomization of the consensus protocol can…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Angelo Capossele , Sebastian Mueller , Andreas Penzkofer

We study decentralized cryptocurrency protocols in which the participants do not deplete physical scarce resources. Such protocols commonly rely on Proof of Stake, i.e., on mechanisms that extend voting power to the stakeholders of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-12 Iddo Bentov , Ariel Gabizon , Alex Mizrahi

The energy sustainability of blockchains, whose consensus protocol rests on the Proof-of-Work, nourishes a heated debate. The underlying issue lies in a highly energy-consuming process, defined as mining, required to validate crypto-asset…

In learning problems, the noise inherent to the task at hand hinders the possibility to infer without a certain degree of uncertainty. Quantifying this uncertainty, regardless of its wide use, assumes high relevance for security-sensitive…

The core of many cryptocurrencies is the decentralised validation network operating on proof-of-work technology. In these systems, validation is done by so-called miners who can digitally sign blocks once they solve a computationally-hard…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Sheng-Nan Li , Carlo Campajola , Claudio J. Tessone

This paper presents a novel leaderless protocol (FPC-BI: Fast Probabilistic Consensus within Byzantine Infrastructures) with a low communicational complexity and which allows a set of nodes to come to a consensus on a value of a single bit.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Serguei Popov , William J Buchanan

We propose a refinement to the well known, and widely used, proof-of-work scheme of zeroing a cryptographic hash. Our refinement allows multiple autonomous users to cooperate on the proof-of-work for their own transactions in order to bring…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-12-01 Wouter Kuijper

Proof of Stake (PoS) protocols rely on voting mechanisms to reach consensus on the current state. If an enhanced majority of staking nodes, also called validators, agree on a proposed block, then this block is appended to the blockchain.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Stefanos Leonardos , Daniel Reijsbergen , Georgios Piliouras

Authorization is challenging in distributed systems that cannot rely on the identification of nodes. Proof-of-work offers an alternative gate-keeping mechanism, but its probabilistic nature is incompatible with conventional security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Patrik Keller , Rainer Böhme

The dramatic adoption of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in the USA has revolutionized the financial landscape and provided unprecedented investment and transaction efficiency opportunities. The prime objective of this research project…

Blockchain technology is a breakthrough in changing the ways of business and organization operations, in which the consensus problem is challenging with practical constraints, such as computational power and consensus standard. In this…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yuqi Xie , Changbing Tang , Feilong Lin , Guanrong Chen , Zhao Zhang , Zhonglong Zheng