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Unit tests represent the most basic level of testing within the software testing lifecycle and are crucial to ensuring software correctness. Designing and creating unit tests is a costly and labor-intensive process that is ripe for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Andrea Lops , Fedelucio Narducci , Azzurra Ragone , Michelantonio Trizio , Claudio Bartolini

Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) offers a promising approach to streamline the training of machine learning models. However, existing AutoML frameworks are often limited to unimodal scenarios and require extensive manual configuration.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Daqin Luo , Chengjian Feng , Yuxuan Nong , Yiqing Shen

Recent benchmarks have probed factual consistency and rhetorical robustness in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a knowledge gap exists regarding how directional framing of factually true statements influences model agreement, a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jaeho Lee , Atharv Chowdhary

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is a key approach to checking whether a logic design complies with its architectural specifications. Existing assertion generation methods based on design specifications typically produce only top-level…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Hongqin Lyu , Yonghao Wang , Jiaxin Zhou , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Formal theorem proving with TLA+ provides rigorous guarantees for system specifications, but constructing proofs requires substantial expertise and effort. While large language models have shown promise in automating proofs for tactic-based…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuhao Zhou , Stavros Tripakis

This paper presents AutoEval, a novel benchmark for scaling Large Language Model (LLM) assessment in formal tasks with clear notions of correctness, such as truth maintenance in translation and logical reasoning. AutoEval is the first…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Rushang Karia , Daniel Bramblett , Daksh Dobhal , Siddharth Srivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) are redefining offensive cybersecurity by allowing the generation of harmful machine code with minimal human intervention. While attackers take advantage of dark LLMs such as XXXGPT and WolfGPT to produce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ricardo Bessa , Rui Claro , João Trindade , João Lourenço

We consider enhancing large language models (LLMs) for complex planning tasks. While existing methods allow LLMs to explore intermediate steps to make plans, they either depend on unreliable self-verification or external verifiers to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Hongyi Ling , Shubham Parashar , Sambhav Khurana , Blake Olson , Anwesha Basu , Gaurangi Sinha , Zhengzhong Tu , James Caverlee , Shuiwang Ji

Large language models (LLMs) are playing an increasingly large role in domains such as code generation, including hardware code generation, where Verilog is the key language. However, the amount of publicly available Verilog code pales in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Charles Hong , Brendan Roberts , Huijae An , Alex Um , Advay Ratan , Yakun Sophia Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced automated test generation, yet existing methods often rely on ground-truth code for verification, risking bug propagation and limiting applicability in test-driven development. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hamed Taherkhani , Alireza DaghighFarsoodeh , Mohammad Chowdhury , Hung Viet Pham , Hadi Hemmati

The Dafny verifier provides strong correctness guarantees but often requires numerous manual helper assertions, creating a significant barrier to adoption. We investigate the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically infer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Álvaro Silva , Alexandra Mendes , Ruben Martins

Traditional software fault injection methods, while foundational, face limitations in adequately representing real-world faults, offering customization, and requiring significant manual effort and expertise. This paper introduces a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Domenico Cotroneo , Pietro Liguori

Contract assertions, such as preconditions, postconditions, and invariants, play a crucial role in software development, enabling applications such as program verification, test generation, and debugging. Despite their benefits, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Agustín Balestra , Agustín Nolasco , Facundo Molina , Diego Garbervetsky , Renzo Degiovanni , Nazareno Aguirre

Formal methods (FM) are reliable but costly to apply, often requiring years of expert effort in industrial-scale projects such as seL4, especially for theorem proving. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made automated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jianyu Zhang , Fuyuan Zhang , Jiayi Lu , Jilin Hu , Xiaoyi Yin , Long Zhang , Feng Yang , Yongwang Zhao

With the unprecedented advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), their application domains have expanded to include code generation tasks across various programming languages. While significant progress has been made in enhancing LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Luyao Shi , Stefano Ambrogio , Charles Mackin , Apoorva Nitsure , David Beymer , Ehsan Degan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are effective in computer hardware synthesis via hardware description language (HDL) generation. However, LLM-assisted approaches for HDL generation struggle when handling complex tasks. We introduce a suite of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Andre Nakkab , Sai Qian Zhang , Ramesh Karri , Siddharth Garg

Coding with hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog is a time-intensive and laborious task. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), there is increasing interest in applying LLMs to assist with HDL coding.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Juxin Niu , Xiangfeng Liu , Dan Niu , Xi Wang , Zhe Jiang , Nan Guan

Large language model (LLM)-powered assistants are increasingly used for generating program code and unit tests, but their application in acceptance testing remains underexplored. To help address this gap, this paper explores the use of LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Margarida Ferreira , Luis Viegas , Joao Pascoal Faria , Bruno Lima

Large language models (LLMs) can perform a wide range of tasks by following natural language instructions, without the necessity of task-specific fine-tuning. Unfortunately, the performance of LLMs is greatly influenced by the quality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Zhihan Zhang , Shuohang Wang , Wenhao Yu , Yichong Xu , Dan Iter , Qingkai Zeng , Yang Liu , Chenguang Zhu , Meng Jiang

We propose to utilize an instruction-tuned large language model (LLM) for guiding the text generation process in automatic speech recognition (ASR). Modern large language models (LLMs) are adept at performing various text generation tasks…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-08 Yosuke Higuchi , Tetsuji Ogawa , Tetsunori Kobayashi