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With the rapid adoption of LLM-based chatbots, there is a pressing need to evaluate what humans and LLMs can achieve together. However, standard benchmarks, such as MMLU, measure LLM capabilities in isolation (i.e., "AI-alone"). Here, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Serina Chang , Ashton Anderson , Jake M. Hofman

Large Language Models (LLM) have taken the front seat in most of the news since November 2022, when ChatGPT was introduced. After more than one year, one of the major reasons companies are resistant to adopting them is the limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Carlo Lipizzi

Given the rapid advancement of large-scale language models, artificial intelligence (AI) models, like ChatGPT, are playing an increasingly prominent role in human society. However, to ensure that artificial intelligence models benefit human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Hang Yuan , Zhongyue Che , Shao Li , Yue Zhang , Xiaomeng Hu , Siyang Luo

Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, have proven effective in content generation and productivity enhancement. However, legal risks associated with these tools lead to adoption…

General Economics · Economics 2025-04-03 Cathy Yang , David Restrepo Amariles , Leo Allen , Aurore Troussel

Collecting data on sensitive topics remains challenging in HCI, as participants often withhold information due to privacy concerns and social desirability bias. While chatbots' perceived anonymity may reduce these barriers, research…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ziwen Li , Ziang Xiao , Tianshi Li

Chatbots are popular machine partners for task-oriented and social interactions. Human-human computer-mediated communication research has explored how people express their gender and sexuality in online social interactions, but little is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Justin Edwards , Leigh Clark , Allison Perrone

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly integrated into high-stakes decision-making, yet little is known about their susceptibility to social influence. We conducted three preregistered conformity experiments with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Clarissa Sabrina Arlinghaus , Tristan Kenneweg , Barbara Hammer , Günter W. Maier

We conducted controlled experimental bias audits for four versions of ChatGPT, which we asked to recommend an opening offer in salary negotiations for a new hire. We submitted 98,800 prompts to each version, systematically varying the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-10 R. Stuart Geiger , Flynn O'Sullivan , Elsie Wang , Jonathan Lo

Conversational AI has been proposed as a scalable way to correct public misconceptions and spread misinformation. Yet its effectiveness may depend on perceptions of its political neutrality. As LLMs enter partisan conflict, elites…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Matthew DiGiuseppe , Joshua Robison

This study investigates the integration and impact of Large Language Models (LLMs), like ChatGPT, in India's healthcare sector. Our research employs a dual approach, engaging both general users and medical professionals through surveys and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Aryaman Raina , Prateek Mishra , Harshit goyal , Dhruv Kumar

With large language models (LLMs) becoming increasingly prevalent in daily life, so too has the tendency to attribute to them human-like minds and emotions, or anthropomorphize them. Here, we investigate dimensions people use to…

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has impacted the development of mobile health (mHealth) apps, most notably with the advent of AI-based chatbots used as ubiquitous ``companions'' for various services, from fitness to mental health…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Samuel Wairimu , Leonardo Horn Iwaya

The application of AI-powered tools has piqued the interest of many fields, particularly in the academic community. This study uses ChatGPT, currently the most powerful and popular AI tool, as a representative example to analyze how the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Yao Tian , Chengwei Tong , Lik-Hang Lee , Reza Hadi Mogavi , Yong Liao , Pengyuan Zhou

With the introduction of ChatGPT, Large Language Models (LLMs) have received enormous attention in healthcare. Despite their potential benefits, researchers have underscored various ethical implications. While individual instances have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Joschka Haltaufderheide , Robert Ranisch

People increasingly seek personal advice from large language models (LLMs), yet whether humans follow their advice, and its consequences for their well-being, remains unknown. In a longitudinal randomised controlled trial with a…

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, have gained significant attention due to their impressive natural language processing capabilities. It is crucial to prioritize human-centered principles when utilizing these models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Yue Huang , Qihui Zhang , Philip S. Y , Lichao Sun

Self-disclosure counts as a key factor influencing successful health treatment, particularly when it comes to building a functioning patient-therapist-connection. To this end, the use of chatbots may be considered a promising puzzle piece…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Anna Stock , Stephan Schlögl , Aleksander Groth

In the context of the high energy demand of large language models (LLMs) and growing concerns about global warming, there is significant demand for actionable recommendations that can help reduce emissions when utilizing such technologies.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Boris Ruf , Marcin Detyniecki

The development and popularization of large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns that they will be used to create tailor-made, convincing arguments to push false or misleading narratives online. Early work has found that language…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Francesco Salvi , Manoel Horta Ribeiro , Riccardo Gallotti , Robert West

This paper studies how parents want to moderate children's interactions with Generative AI chatbots, with the goal of informing the design of future GenAI parental control tools. We first used an LLM to generate synthetic child-GenAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-13 John Driscoll , Yulin Chen , Viki Shi , Izak Vucharatavintara , Yaxing Yao , Haojian Jin