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Expanding the application of large language models (LLMs) to societal life, instead of primary function only as auxiliary assistants to communicate with only one person at a time, necessitates LLMs' capabilities to independently play roles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yusen Wu , Junwu Xiong , Xiaotie Deng

Toxic language includes content that is offensive, abusive, or that promotes harm. Progress in preventing toxic output from large language models (LLMs) is hampered by inconsistent definitions of toxicity. We introduce TRuST, a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Berk Atil , Namrata Sureddy , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Developing high-performing dialogue systems benefits from the automatic identification of undesirable behaviors in system responses. However, detecting such behaviors remains challenging, as it draws on a breadth of general knowledge and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Sarah E. Finch , Ellie S. Paek , Jinho D. Choi

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks rely on labeled data to train machine learning models with high performance. However, data annotation is time-consuming and expensive, especially when the task involves a large amount of data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Xingwei He , Zhenghao Lin , Yeyun Gong , A-Long Jin , Hang Zhang , Chen Lin , Jian Jiao , Siu Ming Yiu , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen

Detecting misogynistic hate speech is a difficult algorithmic task. The task is made more difficult when decision criteria for what constitutes misogynistic speech are ungrounded in established literatures in psychology and philosophy, both…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Artemis Deligianni , Zachary Horne , Leonidas A. A. Doumas

Studies have shown that toxic behavior can cause contributors to leave, and hinder newcomers' (especially from underrepresented communities) participation in Open Source Software (OSS) projects. Thus, detection of toxic language plays a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ramtin Ehsani , Rezvaneh Rezapour , Preetha Chatterjee

Generative large language models (LLMs) can be a powerful tool for augmenting text annotation procedures, but their performance varies across annotation tasks due to prompt quality, text data idiosyncrasies, and conceptual difficulty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken , Neil Fasching

Collecting annotations from human raters often results in a trade-off between the quantity of labels one wishes to gather and the quality of these labels. As such, it is often only possible to gather a small amount of high-quality labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Neel Nanda , Jonathan Uesato , Sven Gowal

Users interacting with large language models (LLMs) under their real identifiers often unknowingly risk disclosing private information. Automatically notifying users whether their queries leak privacy and which phrases leak what private…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hang Zeng , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Shaojie Tang , Guihai Chen

As large language model (LLM) agents become more prevalent in real world social settings, social intelligence will play an increasingly critical role. But social intelligence is still a poorly defined construct, for humans and artificial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-13 David Shoresh , Sarit Kraus , Yonatan Loewenstein

Data annotated by humans is a source of knowledge by describing the peculiarities of the problem and therefore fueling the decision process of the trained model. Unfortunately, the annotation process for subjective natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Kamil Kanclerz , Julita Bielaniewicz , Marcin Gruza , Jan Kocon , Stanisław Woźniak , Przemysław Kazienko

Large language models (LLMs) show impressive abilities via few-shot prompting. Commercialized APIs such as OpenAI GPT-3 further increase their use in real-world language applications. However, the crucial problem of how to improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Chenglei Si , Zhe Gan , Zhengyuan Yang , Shuohang Wang , Jianfeng Wang , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Lijuan Wang

In the big data era, data labeling can be obtained through crowdsourcing. Nevertheless, the obtained labels are generally noisy, unreliable or even adversarial. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic graphical annotation model to infer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Jing Li , Suiyi Ling , Junle Wang , Zhi Li , Patrick Le Callet

Classifying policy documents into policy issue topics has been a long-time effort in political science and communication disciplines. Efforts to automate text classification processes for social science research purposes have so far…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Erkan Gunes , Christoffer Koch Florczak

Large Language Models, despite their power, have a fundamental architectural vulnerability stemming from their causal transformer design -- order sensitivity. This architectural constraint may distorts classification outcomes when prompt…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Linzhuo li

Harmful content is pervasive on social media, poisoning online communities and negatively impacting participation. A common approach to address this issue is to develop detection models that rely on human annotations. However, the tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Lingyao Li , Lizhou Fan , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill

In-game toxic language becomes the hot potato in the gaming industry and community. There have been several online game toxicity analysis frameworks and models proposed. However, it is still challenging to detect toxicity due to the nature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yuanzhe Jia , Weixuan Wu , Feiqi Cao , Soyeon Caren Han

This work introduces LAB (Large-scale Alignment for chatBots), a novel methodology designed to overcome the scalability challenges in the instruction-tuning phase of large language model (LLM) training. Leveraging a taxonomy-guided…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Shivchander Sudalairaj , Abhishek Bhandwaldar , Aldo Pareja , Kai Xu , David D. Cox , Akash Srivastava

As AR/VR technologies become integral to daily life, there's a growing need for AI that understands human social dynamics from an egocentric perspective. However, current LLMs often lack the social awareness to discern when to intervene as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xijun Wang , Tanay Sharma , Achin Kulshrestha , Abhimitra Meka , Aveek Purohit , Dinesh Manocha

Large language models are increasingly capable of generating fluent-appearing text with relatively little task-specific supervision. But can these models accurately explain classification decisions? We consider the task of generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Sarah Wiegreffe , Jack Hessel , Swabha Swayamdipta , Mark Riedl , Yejin Choi
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