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A practical way to deal with the problem of time in quantum cosmology and quantum gravity is proposed. The main tool is effective equations, which mainly restrict explicit considerations to semiclassical regimes but have the crucial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-07-20 Martin Bojowald , Philipp A Hoehn , Artur Tsobanjan

In this review we present the problem of time in quantum physics, including a short history of the problem and the known objections about considering time a quantum observable. The need to deal with time as an observable is elaborated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-13 M. Basil Altaie , Daniel Hodgson , Almut Beige

We characterize good clocks, which are naturally subject to fluctuations, in statistical terms. We also obtain the master equation that governs the evolution of quantum systems according to these clocks and find its general solution. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Inigo L. Egusquiza , Luis J. Garay , Jose M. Raya

We propose a solution to the problem of time for systems with a single global Hamiltonian constraint. Our solution stems from the observation that, for these theories, conventional gauge theory methods fail to capture the full classical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-30 Sean Gryb , Karim Thebault

The creation of delocalized coherent superpositions of quantum systems experiencing different relativistic effects is an important milestone in future research at the interface of gravity and quantum mechanics. This could be achieved by…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 Albert Roura

In the covariant canonical approach to classical physics, each point in phase space represents an entire classical trajectory. Initial data at a fixed time serve as coordinates for this ``timeless'' phase space, and time evolution can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-25 S. Carlip , Weixuan Hu

The quantum description of time evolution in non-linear gravitational systems such as cosmological space-times is not well understood. We show, in the simplified setting of mini-superspace, that time evolution of this system can be obtained…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-02 Anne-Katherine Burns , David E. Kaplan , Tom Melia , Surjeet Rajendran

The basic tenet of the present work is the assumption of the lack of external and fixed time in the Universe. This assumption is best embodied by general relativity, which replaces the fixed space-time structure with the gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-19 Przemysław Małkiewicz , Artur Miroszewski

The intuitive classical space-time picture breaks down in quantum gravity, which makes a comparison and the development of semiclassical techniques quite complicated. Using ingredients of the group averaging method to solve constraints one…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Martin Bojowald , Parampreet Singh , Aureliano Skirzewski

In it's usual presentation, classical mechanics appears to give time a very special role. But it is well known that mechanics can be formulated so as to treat the time variable on the same footing as the other variables in the extended…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 Michael Reisenberger , Carlo Rovelli

Canonical quantum gravity provides insights into the quantum dynamics as well as quantum geometry of space-time by its implications for constraints. Loop quantum gravity in particular requires specific corrections due to its quantization…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-14 Martin Bojowald

This paper is divided into three parts. In the first (section 1), we demonstrate that all of quantum mechanics can be derived from the fundamental property that the propagation of a matter wave packet is described by the same gravitational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-25 Holger Mueller

Understanding different aspects of time is at the core of many areas in theoretical physics. Minimal models of continuous stochastic and quantum clocks have been proposed to explore fundamental limitations on the performance of timekeeping…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ludmila Viotti , Marcus Huber , Rosario Fazio , Gonzalo Manzano

We study classical Hamiltonian systems in which the intrinsic proper time evolution parameter is related through a probability distribution to the physical time, which is assumed to be discrete. In this way, a physical clock with discrete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. -T. Elze

The covariant canonical transformation theory applied to the relativistic Hamiltonian theory of classical matter fields in dynamical space-time yields a novel (first order) gauge field theory of gravitation. The emerging field equations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-29 David Vasak , Johannes Kirsch , Dirk Kehm , Juergen Struckmeier

Clocks play a special role at the interface of general relativity and quantum mechanics. We analyze a clock-interferometry thought experiment and go on to theoretically derive and experimentally test a complementarity relation for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Zhifan Zhou , Yair Margalit , Daniel Rohrlich , Yonathan Japha , Ron Folman

We present a model of discrete quantum evolution based on quantum correlations between the evolving system and a reference quantum clock system. A quantum circuit for the model is provided, which in the case of a constant Hamiltonian is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-06 A. Boette , R. Rossignoli , N. Gigena , M. Cerezo

Schemes of gravitationally induced decoherence are being actively investigated as possible mechanisms for the quantum-to-classical transition. Here, we introduce a decoherence process due to quantum gravity effects. We assume a foamy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-23 Luciano Petruzziello , Fabrizio Illuminati

While quantum simulation is one of the most promising applications of modern quantum devices, accessible simulation times are fundamentally limited by finite coherence times due to omnipresent noise. Based on the ideas of relational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Sebastian Gemsheim , Felix Fritzsch

We present a stochastic framework for emergent quantum gravity coupled to matter. The Hamiltonian constraint in diffeomorphism-invariant theories demands the identification of a clock relative to which dynamics may be defined, and other…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-12-05 Joshua Erlich