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Several computational tools have been developed to detect and identify sexism, misogyny, and gender-based hate speech, particularly on online platforms. These tools draw on insights from both social science and computer science. Given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Aditi Dutta , Susan Banducci , Chico Q. Camargo

State-of-the-art image and text classification models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Transformers, have long been able to classify their respective unimodal reasoning satisfactorily with accuracy close to or exceeding human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Weijun Jin , Lance Wilhelm

Detecting hate speech in online content is essential to ensuring safer digital spaces. While significant progress has been made in text and meme modalities, video-based hate speech detection remains under-explored, hindered by a lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Han Wang , Rui Yang Tan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

This paper focuses on an important problem of detecting offensive analogy meme on online social media where the visual content and the texts/captions of the meme together make an analogy to convey the offensive information. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Lanyu Shang , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Zha , Yingxi Chen , Christina Youn , Dong Wang

Memes have emerged as a powerful form of communication, integrating visual and textual elements to convey humor, satire, and cultural messages. Existing research has focused primarily on aspects such as emotion classification, meme…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Shiling Deng , Serge Belongie , Peter Ebert Christensen

Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Piush Aggarwal , Pranit Chawla , Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Torsten Zesch , Animesh Mukherjee

Sexism is generally defined as prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender, affecting every sector of society, from social institutions to relationships and individual behavior. Social media platforms amplify the impact of sexism by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Laura De Grazia , Pol Pastells , Mauro Vázquez Chas , Desmond Elliott , Danae Sánchez Villegas , Mireia Farrús , Mariona Taulé

Social media platforms are hubs for multimodal information exchange, encompassing text, images, and videos, making it challenging for machines to comprehend the information or emotions associated with interactions in online spaces.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yiqiao Jin , Minje Choi , Gaurav Verma , Jindong Wang , Srijan Kumar

The rapid expansion of memes on social media has highlighted the urgent need for effective approaches to detect harmful content. However, traditional data-driven approaches struggle to detect new memes due to their evolving nature and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ziyan Liu , Chunxiao Fan , Haoran Lou , Yuexin Wu , Kaiwei Deng

Sexism, an injustice that subjects women and girls to enormous suffering, manifests in blatant as well as subtle ways. In the wake of growing documentation of experiences of sexism on the web, the automatic categorization of accounts of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Pulkit Parikh , Harika Abburi , Pinkesh Badjatiya , Radhika Krishnan , Niyati Chhaya , Manish Gupta , Vasudeva Varma

The proliferation of multimodal memes in the social media era demands that multimodal Large Language Models (mLLMs) effectively understand meme harmfulness. Existing benchmarks for assessing mLLMs on harmful meme understanding rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zixin Chen , Hongzhan Lin , Kaixin Li , Ziyang Luo , Zhen Ye , Guang Chen , Zhiyong Huang , Jing Ma

With the rise of digital communication, memes have become a significant medium for cultural and political expression that is often used to mislead audiences. Identification of such misleading and persuasive multimodal content has become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Firoj Alam , Abul Hasnat , Fatema Ahmed , Md Arid Hasan , Maram Hasanain

Social media memes are a challenging domain for hate detection because they intertwine visual and textual cues into culturally nuanced messages. To tackle these challenges, we introduce TRACE, a hierarchical multimodal framework that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Girish A. Koushik , Helen Treharne , Aditya Joshi , Diptesh Kanojia

Cultural context profoundly shapes how people interpret online content, yet vision-language models (VLMs) remain predominantly trained through Western or English-centric lenses. This limits their fairness and cross-cultural robustness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Mo Wang , Kaixuan Ren , Pratik Jalan , Ahmed Ashraf , Tuong Vy Vu , Rahul Seetharaman , Shah Nawaz , Usman Naseem

Objective: The goal of this study is to understand how people experience sexism and sexual harassment in the workplace by discovering themes in 2,362 experiences posted on the Everyday Sexism Project's website everydaysexism.com. Method:…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Amir Karami , Suzanne C. Swan , Cynthia Nicole White , Kayla Ford

Memes are powerful means for effective communication on social media. Their effortless amalgamation of viral visuals and compelling messages can have far-reaching implications with proper marketing. Previous research on memes has primarily…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Shivam Sharma , Siddhant Agarwal , Tharun Suresh , Preslav Nakov , Md. Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

A model for the spreading of online information or "memes" on multiplex networks is introduced and analyzed using branching-process methods. The model generalizes that of [Gleeson et al., Phys.Rev. X., 2016] in two ways. First, even for a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-03-01 Joseph D. O'Brien , Ioannis K. Dassios , James P. Gleeson

Online hate remains a significant societal challenge, especially as multimodal content enables subtle, culturally grounded, and implicit forms of harm. Hateful memes embed hostility through text-image interactions and humor, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sahajpreet Singh , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee

Not Safe/Suitable for Work (NSFW) content is rampant on social networks and poses serious harm to citizens, especially minors. Current detection methods mainly rely on deep learning-based image recognition and classification. However, NSFW…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Han Bao , Qinying Wang , Zhi Chen , Qingming Li , Xuhong Zhang , Changjiang Li , Zonghui Wang , Shouling Ji , Wenzhi Chen

Memes are the new-age conveyance mechanism for humor on social media sites. Memes often include an image and some text. Memes can be used to promote disinformation or hatred, thus it is crucial to investigate in details. We introduce…