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Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a practical tool for demonstrating why machine learning classifiers make particular decisions. For CEs to be useful, it is important that they are easy for users to interpret. Existing methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Lisa Schut , Oscar Key , Rory McGrath , Luca Costabello , Bogdan Sacaleanu , Medb Corcoran , Yarin Gal

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are advocated as being ideally suited to providing algorithmic recourse for subjects affected by the predictions of machine learning models. While CEs can be beneficial to affected individuals, recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Junqi Jiang , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

We consider counterfactual explanations, the problem of minimally adjusting features in a source input instance so that it is classified as a target class under a given classifier. This has become a topic of recent interest as a way to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Miguel Á. Carreira-Perpiñán , Suryabhan Singh Hada

Counterfactual explanations are increasingly proposed as interpretable mechanisms to achieve algorithmic recourse. However, current counterfactual techniques for time series classification are predominantly designed with static data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Emmanuel C. Chukwu , Rianne M. Schouten , Monique Tabak , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Interpretable time series prediction is crucial for safety-critical areas such as healthcare and autonomous driving. Most existing methods focus on interpreting predictions by assigning important scores to segments of time series. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Jingquan Yan , Hao Wang

To collaborate effectively with humans, language models must be able to explain their decisions in natural language. We study a specific type of self-explanation: self-generated counterfactual explanations (SCEs), where a model explains its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Harry Mayne , Ryan Othniel Kearns , Yushi Yang , Andrew M. Bean , Eoin Delaney , Chris Russell , Adam Mahdi

Counterfactual explanation is one branch of interpretable machine learning that produces a perturbation sample to change the model's original decision. The generated samples can act as a recommendation for end-users to achieve their desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Tri Dung Duong , Qian Li , Guandong Xu

Machine learning models that operate on graph-structured data, such as molecular graphs or social networks, often make accurate predictions but offer little insight into why certain predictions are made. Counterfactual explanations address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 David Bechtoldt , Sidney Bender

Recently, eXplainable AI (XAI) research has focused on counterfactual explanations as post-hoc justifications for AI-system decisions (e.g. a customer refused a loan might be told: If you asked for a loan with a shorter term, it would have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Saugat Aryal , Mark T Keane

Explanation mechanisms from the field of Counterfactual Thinking are a widely-used paradigm for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), as they follow a natural way of reasoning that humans are familiar with. However, all common…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Silvan Mertes , Christina Karle , Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Ruben Schlagowski , Elisabeth André

We study the problem of assessing the robustness of counterfactual explanations for deep learning models. We focus on $\textit{plausible model shifts}$ altering model parameters and propose a novel framework to reason about the robustness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Luca Marzari , Francesco Leofante , Ferdinando Cicalese , Alessandro Farinelli

Sequential recommender systems have become increasingly important in real-world applications that model user behavior sequences to predict their preferences. However, existing sequential recommendation methods predominantly rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Enze Liu , Bowen Zheng , Xiaolei Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jinpeng Wang , Sheng Chen , Ji-Rong Wen

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are an important tool in Algorithmic Recourse for addressing two questions: 1. What are the crucial factors that led to an automated prediction/decision? 2. How can these factors be changed to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Xuan Zhao , Klaus Broelemann , Gjergji Kasneci

While many production-ready and robust algorithms are available for the task of recommendation systems, many of these systems do not take the order of user's consumption into account. The order of consumption can be very useful and matters…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Mehdi Soleiman Nejad , Meysam Varasteh , Hadi Moradi , Mohammad Amin Sadeghi

Growing attention has been paid in Conversational Recommendation System (CRS), which works as a conversation-based and recommendation task-oriented tool to provide items of interest and explore user preference. However, existing work in CRS…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Bingbing Wen , Xiaoning Bu , Chirag Shah

In this paper, we consider the problem of generating a set of counterfactual explanations for a group of instances, with the one-for-many allocation rule, where one explanation is allocated to a subgroup of the instances. For the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Andrea Lodi , Jasone Ramírez-Ayerbe

Counterfactual explanations are an emerging tool to enhance interpretability of deep learning models. Given a sample, these methods seek to find and display to the user similar samples across the decision boundary. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Cassio F. Dantas , Diego Marcos , Dino Ienco

Sequential Recommendation System~(SRS) has become pivotal in modern society, which predicts subsequent actions based on the user's historical behavior. However, traditional collaborative filtering-based sequential recommendation models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Tianjie Dai , Xu Chen , Yunmeng Shu , Jinsong Lan , Xiaoyong Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Bo Zheng

Sequential Recommender Systems (SRSs) are widely used to model user behavior over time, yet their robustness remains an under-explored area of research. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study to assess how the presence of fake users,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Filippo Betello

Counterfactual instances are a powerful tool to obtain valuable insights into automated decision processes, describing the necessary minimal changes in the input space to alter the prediction towards a desired target. Most previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Robert-Florian Samoilescu , Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise