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This paper reviews Voltage-Source Converters (VSCs) EMT and Phasor models currently used to simulate converter-interfaced generation (CIG) and renewable energy resources integration to power systems. Several modelling guidelines and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-03 Vinícius Albernaz Lacerda , Eduardo Prieto Araujo , Marc Cheah-Mañe , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

With the advancement of the idea of the HVDC grid, it becomes imperative to study the interaction of controller and identification of modes of oscillations. The paper presents the complete model of HVDC grid with detailed modeling of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Lokesh Dewangan , Himanshu J. Bahirat

This paper focuses on the challenging task of bottom-up restoration in a complete blackout system using Grid-forming (GFM) converters. Challenges arise due to the limited current capability of power converters, resulting in distinct dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Zexian Zeng , Prajwal Bhagwat , Maryam Saeedifard , Dominic Groß

The global trend toward renewable power generation has drawn great attention to hydrogen Fuel Cells (FCs), which have a wide variety of applications, from utility power stations to laptops. The Multi-stack Fuel Cell System (MFCS), which is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-31 Yiqiao Xu , Xiaoyu Guo , Zhen Dong , Zhengtao Ding , Alessandra Parisio

The share of electronically converted power from renewable sources, loads, and storage is continuously growing in the low- and medium-voltage grids. These sources and loads typically rectify the grid AC to DC, e.g., for a DC link, so that a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Ehsan Asadi , Davood Keshavarzi , Alexander Koehler , Nima Tashakor , Stefan Goetz

Power electronics converters are key enablers in the global energy transition for power generation, industrial and mobility applications; they convert electrical power in a controlled, reliable and efficient manner. The semiconductor…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Amin Rezaeizadeh , Silvia Mastellone

In this paper, we investigate the transient stability of a state-of-the-art grid-forming complex-droop control (i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control, dVOC) under current saturation. We quantify the saturation level of a converter…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

A rapid deployment of renewable generation has led to significant reduction in the rotational system inertia and damping, thus making frequency control in power systems more challenging. This paper proposes a novel control scheme based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-07 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug , Duncan Callaway , Evangelos Vrettos

This work explores the stability, behavior, variants, and a controller-hardware-in-the-loop (C-HiL) verification of the recently proposed grid-forming (GFM) hybrid angle control (HAC). We revisit the foundation of GFM HAC, and highlight its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-19 Ali Tayyebi , Denis Vettoretti , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

Grid-interfacing inverters allow renewable resources to be connected to the electric grid and offer fast and programmable control responses. However, inverters are subject to significant physical constraints. One such constraint is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

This paper investigates a control approach that renders the driveshaft inertia completely available on the grid side and enhances the fault ride-through behavior of medium-voltage (MV) drive systems. Two main contributions are presented.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 Catalin Arghir , Pieder Jörg , Silvia Mastellone

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

A fractional-order (FO) based controller for a grid-connected PV system is presented in this paper. A single phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic generator (PVG) is used to test the performance of the FO controller. The main…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-30 Shah Fahad , Nasim Ullah , Ali Jafer Mahdi , Asier Ibeas , Arman Goudarzi

To ensure the proper functioning of the current and future electrical grid, it is necessary for Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to verify that energy providers comply with the grid code and specifications provided by TSOs. A lot of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-23 Rabah Ouali , Jean-Yves Dieulot , Pascal Yim , Xavier Guillaud , Frédéric Colas , Yang Wu , Heng Wu

Renewable-driven microgrids dominated by grid-forming (GFM) converters are subject to persistent power fluctuations, making equilibrium-known stability assessments restrictive. This paper develops an equilibrium-free contraction stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Shijie Peng , Xiuqiang He , Xi Ru , Hua Geng

In this paper we are interested in the problem of adaptive synchronization of a voltage source converter with a possibly weak grid with unknown angle and frequency, but knowledge of its parameters. To guarantee a suitable synchronization…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-17 Daniele Zonetti , Alexey Bobtsov , Romeo Ortega , Nikolay Nikolaev , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Virtual oscillator control is the latest control technique for grid-forming inverters. Virtual Oscillator based Controllers (VOCs) provide all the steady-state droop functionalities of conventional droop controllers and, in addition, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-07 Ritwik Ghosh , Narsa Reddy Tummuru , Bharat Singh Rajpuohit

With the fast-increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), the voltage support capability of the grid following (GFL) IBRs under low voltage ride through (LVRT) control significantly influences the transient voltage stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Qian

The output impedance matrix of a grid-connected converter plays an important role in analyzing system stability. Due to the dynamics of the DC-link control and the phase locked loop (PLL), the output impedance matrices of the converter and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Huanhai Xin , Ziheng Li , Wei Dong , Leiqi Zhang , Zhen Wang , Jian Zhao

In the near future, point-to-point High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems are expected to evolve into multi-terminal and meshed HVDC grids, predominantly adopting a bipolar HVDC configuration. Normally, bipolar HVDC systems operate in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Chandra Kant Jat , Francesco Giacomo Puricelli , Jef Beerten , Hakan Ergun , Dirk Van Hertem