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Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

The modern power grid features the high penetration of power converters, which widely employ a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. However, it has been pointed out that PLL can give rise to small-signal instabilities under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-18 Chaoran Yang , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju

This work focuses on grid-forming (GFM) control of Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs) that are used to interconnect multiple HVAC and HVDC subgrids to form a grid of grids. We introduce the concept of dual-port GFM control that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Dominic Groß , Sánchez-Sánchez , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

A model predictive control (MPC) method for enhancing post-fault transient stability of a grid-forming (GFM) inverter based resources (IBRs) is developed in this paper. This proposed controller is activated as soon as the converter enters…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-09 Ali Arjomandi-Nezhad , Yifei Guo , Bikash C. Pal , Damiano Varagnolo

There is a trade-off between transient performance and line current distortion of the DC bus voltage control of single-phase grid-connected voltage source converters. This paper presents an improved DC bus voltage control scheme of such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-30 Sakda Somkun , Viboon Chunkag

To address the frequency stability challenges posed by the rising penetration of power electronics in power systems, HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly expected to provide inertial response and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Zhenghua XU , Dominic Groß , George Alin Raducu , Behnam Nouri , Oscar Saborío-Romano , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

The popular single-input single-output control structures and classic design methods (e.g., root locus analysis) for the power control of grid-forming converters have limitations in applying to different line characteristics and providing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-02 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

In this work we present a novel dual-port grid-forming control strategy, for permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines with back-to-back voltage source converters, that unifies the entire range of functions from maximum power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-21 Xue Lyu , Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

Converter-based generators and loads are growing in prevalence on power grids across the globe. The rise of these resources necessitates controllers that handle the power electronic devices' strict current limits without jeopardizing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-19 Lauren Streitmatter , Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Voltage regulation under conventional grid-forming controllers is tightly coupled to power sharing and dc-link dynamics. Consequently, its tracking accuracy deteriorates during grid faults, sudden power sharing changes, or dc-bus voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng , Xuefeng Wang , Xinchen Yao

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can significantly alter the fault characteristics of power systems, which challenges the proper function of protective relays. This paper gives a holistic analysis of the interaction between GFM inverter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

In power systems with high penetration of power electronics, grid-forming control is proposed to replace traditional Grid-Following Converter (GFL) in order to improve the overall system strength and resist small-signal instability in weak…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-31 Guoxuan Cui , Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

This paper presents a novel strategy for the synchronization of grid-following Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in power systems with low rotational inertia. The proposed synchronization unit is based on emulating the physical properties of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

Grid-forming (GFM) converters face significant challenges in limiting current during transient grid events while preserving their grid-forming behavior. This paper offers an elegant solution to the problem with a priori guarantees,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Michael Schneeberger , Silvia Mastellone , Florian Dörfler

Transients of a grid-synchronized voltage source converter (VSC) are closely related to over- currents and voltages occurred under large disturbances (e.g. a grid fault). Previous analysis in evaluating these transients usually neglect the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas , Xu Cai , Atle Rygg