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Bootstrap percolation is an often used model to study the spread of diseases, rumors, and information on sparse random graphs. The percolation process demonstrates a critical value such that the graph is either almost completely affected or…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-12-07 Peter Ballen , Sudipto Guha

Graph bootstrap percolation is a deterministic cellular automaton which was introduced by Bollob\'as in 1968, and is defined as follows. Given a graph $H$, and a set $G \subset E(K_n)$ of initially `infected' edges, we infect, at each time…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-11-27 József Balogh , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris

We consider the $r$-neighbor bootstrap percolation process on the graph with vertex set $V=\{0,1\}^n$ and edges connecting the pairs at Hamming distance $1,2,\dots,k$, where $k\ge 2$. We find asymptotics of the critical probability of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Fengxing Zhu

An $n\times n\times\dots\times n$ hypercube is made from $n^d$ unit hypercubes. Two unit hypercubes are neighbours if they share a $(d-1)$-dimensional face. In each step of a dismantling process, we remove a unit hypercube that has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-26 János Barát , Ian M. Wanless

No-exclaves percolation (NExP) is a nonlocal percolation process in which the components are formed not only by the connected occupied nodes but also by the agglomeration of empty nodes completely surrounded by the occupied nodes. It has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-05-27 Byungjoon Min , Eun-Kyu Park , Sang-Hwan Gwak , K. -I. Goh

We study non-uniform percolation in a two-dimensional cluster growth model with multiple seeds. With increasing concentration of seeds, the percolation threshold is found to increase monotonically, while the exponents for correlation…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2014-10-08 Hongting Yang , Stephan Haas

We present a general theorem characterizing the relationship between the prime base $p$ representations of non-negative integers $x$ and their positive integer powers, $x^n$. For any positive integer $l$, the theorem establishes the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-07-04 John S. McCaskill , Peter R. Wills

We show that there is a bijection between real-linear automorphisms of the multicomplex numbers of order $n$ and signed permutations of length $2^{n-1}$. This allows us to deduce a number of results on the multicomplex numbers, including a…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2022-11-28 Nicolas Doyon , Pierre-Olivier Parisé , William Verreault

We call a permutation $\sigma=[\sigma_1,\dots,\sigma_n] \in S_n$ a {\em cylindrical king permutation} if $ |\sigma_i-\sigma_{i+1}|>1$ for each $1\leq i \leq n-1$ and $|\sigma_1-\sigma_n|>1$. We present some results regarding the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-10 Eli Bagno , Estrella Eisenberg , Shulamit Reches , Moriah Sigron

In the polluted bootstrap percolation model, the vertices of a graph are independently declared initially occupied with probability p or closed with probability q. At subsequent steps, a vertex becomes occupied if it is not closed and it…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-05-05 Janko Gravner , Alexander E. Holroyd

We formalize symmetry breaking as a set-covering problem. For the case of breaking symmetries on graphs, a permutation covers a graph if applying it to the graph yields a smaller graph in a given order. Canonical graphs are those that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Michael Codish , Mikoláš Janota

Metastability thresholds lie at the heart of bootstrap percolation theory. Yet proving precise lower bounds is notoriously hard. We show that for two of the most classical models, two-neighbour and Frob\"ose, upper bounds are sharp to…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-04-12 Ivailo Hartarsky , Augusto Teixeira

We investigate the behaviour of $r$-neighbourhood bootstrap percolation on the binomial $k$-uniform random hypergraph $H_k(n,p)$ for given integers $k\geq 2$ and $r\geq 2$. In $r$-neighbourhood bootstrap percolation, infection spreads…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Mihyun Kang , Christoph Koch , Tamás Makai

We consider the problem of upper bounding the number of circular transpositions needed to sort a permutation. It is well known that any permutation can be sorted using at most $n(n-1)/2$ adjacent transpositions. We show that, if we allow…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-02-21 Anke van Zuylen , James Bieron , Frans Schalekamp , Gexin Yu

In the polluted modified bootstrap percolation model, sites in the square lattice are independently initially occupied with probability $p$ or closed with probability $q$. A site becomes occupied at a subsequent step if it is not closed and…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Janko Gravner , Alexander Holroyd , Sangchul Lee , David Sivakoff

In this paper we investigate the critical probability $p_c(Q_n,r)$ for bootstrap percolation with the infection threshold $r$ on the $n$-dimensional hypercube $Q_n$ with vertex set $V(Q_n)=\{0,1\}^n$ and edges connecting the pairs at…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Fengxing Zhu

We investigate bootstrap percolation with infection threshold $r> 1$ on the binomial $k$-uniform random hypergraph $H_k(n,p)$ in the regime $n^{-1}\ll n^{k-2}p \ll n^{-1/r}$, when the initial set of infected vertices is chosen uniformly at…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-04-25 Mihyun Kang , Christoph Koch , Tamás Makai

K-core and bootstrap percolation are widely studied models that have been used to represent and understand diverse deactivation and activation processes in natural and social systems. Since these models are considerably similar, it has been…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-02-26 M. A. Di Muro , L. D. Valdez , S. V. Buldyrev , H. E. Stanley , L. A. Braunstein

We study the percolation time of the $r$-neighbour bootstrap percolation model on the discrete torus $(\Z/n\Z)^d$. For $t$ at most a polylog function of $n$ and initial infection probabilities within certain ranges depending on $t$, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-08-15 Béla Bollobás , Paul Smith , Andrew J. Uzzell

Recall that an excedance of a permutation $\pi$ is any position $i$ such that $\pi_i > i$. Inspired by the work of Hopkins, McConville and Propp (Elec. J. Comb., 2017) on sorting using toppling, we say that a permutation is toppleable if it…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-05 Arvind Ayyer , Daniel Hathcock , Prasad Tetali