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Attacks on the P-value are nothing new, but the recent attacks are increasingly more serious. They come from more mainstream sources, with widening targets such as a call to retire the significance testing altogether. While well meaning, I…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2022-01-11 Yudi Pawitan

In Bayesian statistics the precise point-null hypothesis $\theta=\theta_0$ can be tested by checking whether $\theta_0$ is contained in a credible set. This permits testing of $\theta=\theta_0$ without having to put prior probabilities on…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-11 Måns Thulin

This paper places conformal testing in a general framework of statistical hypothesis testing. A standard approach to testing a composite null hypothesis $H$ is to test each of its elements and to reject $H$ when each of its elements is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-13 Vladimir Vovk

Statistical significance testing is used in natural language processing (NLP) to determine whether the results of a study or experiment are likely to be due to chance or if they reflect a genuine relationship. A key step in significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Palash Goyal , Qian Hu , Rahul Gupta

Hypothesis testing is an essential statistical method in psychology and the cognitive sciences. The problems of traditional null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) have been discussed widely, and among the proposed solutions to the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-28 Riko Kelter

Null hypothesis significance tests and p values are widely used despite very strong arguments against their use in many contexts. Confidence intervals are often recommended as an alternative, but these do not achieve the objective of…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-12 Michael Wood

In many fields of research null hypothesis significance tests and p values are the accepted way of assessing the degree of certainty with which research results can be extrapolated beyond the sample studied. However, there are very serious…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-14 Michael Wood

Analysis of credibility is a reverse-Bayes technique that has been proposed by Matthews (2001) to overcome some of the shortcomings of significance tests. A significant result is deemed credible if current knowledge about the effect size is…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-11 Leonhard Held

Testing to see whether a given data set comes from some specified distribution is among the oldest types of problems in Statistics. Many such tests have been developed and their performance studied. The general result has been that while a…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-07 Wolfgang Rolke

P-values are a mainstay in statistics but are often misinterpreted. We propose a new interpretation of p-value as a meaningful plausibility, where this is to be interpreted formally within the inferential model framework. We show that, for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-10-28 Ryan Martin , Chuanhai Liu

This paper re-visits the problem of deciding between two simple hypotheses, the setting considered by Neyman and Pearson in developing their fundamental lemma. It studies the decision process induced by the most powerful test and the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-11-19 Edsel A. Pena

Statistical methods are indispensable to scientific inference. However, there exists a longstanding tension across a wide range of scientific disciplines about the role that ``context'' should play in the application of statistical methods…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-06 Ashley I Naimi

Two active hypothesis testing problems are formulated. In these problems, the agent can perform a fixed number of experiments and then decide on one of the hypotheses. The agent is also allowed to declare its experiments inconclusive if…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-19 Dhruva Kartik , Ashutosh Nayyar , Urbashi Mitra

The American Statistical Association (ASA) statement on statistical significance and P-values \cite{wasserstein2016asa} cautioned statisticians against making scientific decisions solely on the basis of traditional P-values. The statement…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-22 Abhisek Chakraborty , Megan H. Murray , Ilya Lipkovich , Yu Du

Throughout the last decade, random forests have established themselves as among the most accurate and popular supervised learning methods. While their black-box nature has made their mathematical analysis difficult, recent work has…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-10 Tim Coleman , Wei Peng , Lucas Mentch

In this article, we consider the problem of simultaneous testing of hypotheses when the individual test statistics are not necessarily independent. Specifically, we consider the problem of simultaneous testing of point null hypotheses…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-07-17 Prasenjit Ghosh , Arijit Chakrabarti

Permutation tests are a distribution free way of performing hypothesis tests. These tests rely on the condition that the observed data are exchangeable among the groups being tested under the null hypothesis. This assumption is easily…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-14 Daniell Toth

Deep neural networks, while powerful for image classification, often operate as "black boxes," complicating the understanding of their decision-making processes. Various explanation methods, particularly those generating saliency maps, aim…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Tristan Gomez , Harold Mouchère

In this paper, we present a new classifier, which integrates significance testing results over different random subspaces to yield consensus p-values for quantifying the uncertainty of classification decision. The null hypothesis is that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Zengyou He , Zerun Li , Junjie Dong , Xinying Liu , Mudi Jiang , Lianyu Hu

Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing is a dominant framework for conducting statistical analysis across the sciences. There remains considerable debate as to whether, and under what circumstances, evidence can be said to be confirmatory of a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-28 Reid Dale