English
Related papers

Related papers: Beyond Agreement: Rethinking Ground Truth in Educa…

200 papers

Active learning (AL) is a human-and-model-in-the-loop paradigm that iteratively selects informative unlabeled data for human annotation, aiming to improve over random sampling. However, performing AL experiments with human annotations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Katerina Margatina , Nikolaos Aletras

Reference texts such as encyclopedias and news articles can manifest biased language when objective reporting is substituted by subjective writing. Existing methods to detect bias mostly rely on annotated data to train machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Timo Spinde , David Krieger , Manuel Plank , Bela Gipp

As artificial intelligence (AI) receives wider attention in education, examining teachers' acceptance of AI (TAAI) becomes essential. However, existing instruments measuring TAAI reported limited reliability and validity evidence and faced…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Shuchen Guo , Lehong Shi , Xiaoming Zhai

Generative large language models (LLMs) can be a powerful tool for augmenting text annotation procedures, but their performance varies across annotation tasks due to prompt quality, text data idiosyncrasies, and conceptual difficulty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken , Neil Fasching

Handwriting recognition is a key technology for accessing the content of old manuscripts, helping to preserve cultural heritage. Deep learning shows an impressive performance in solving this task. However, to achieve its full potential, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Michael Jungo , Lars Vögtlin , Atefeh Fakhari , Nathan Wegmann , Rolf Ingold , Andreas Fischer , Anna Scius-Bertrand

When humans judge the affective content of texts, they also implicitly assess the correctness of such judgment, that is, their confidence. We hypothesize that people's (in)confidence that they performed well in an annotation task leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Enrica Troiano , Sebastian Padó , Roman Klinger

Binary classification is widely used in ML production systems. Monitoring classifiers in a constrained event space is well known. However, real world production systems often lack the ground truth these methods require. Privacy concerns may…

AI alignment relies on annotator judgments, yet annotation pipelines often treat annotators as interchangeable, obscuring how their social position shapes annotation. We introduce reflexive annotating as a probe that invites crowd workers…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Anne Arzberger , Celine Offerman , Ujwal Gadiraju , Alessandro Bozzon , Jie Yang

Generative AI is transforming the educational landscape, raising significant concerns about cheating. Despite the widespread use of multiple-choice questions in assessments, the detection of AI cheating in MCQ-based tests has been almost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Alona Strugatski , Giora Alexandron

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for annotation in computational social science, yet their methodological reliability under prompt variation remains unclear. This paper introduces Inter-Prompt Reliability (IPR), a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jingyuan Liu

Over the past decades, researchers had put lots of effort investigating ranking techniques used to rank query results retrieved during information retrieval, or to rank the recommended products in recommender systems. In this project, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Jiashu Wu

Many machine learning tasks involve inherent subjectivity, where annotators naturally provide varied labels. Standard practice collapses these label distributions into single labels, aggregating diverse human judgments into point estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Agamdeep Singh , Ashish Tiwari , Hosein Hasanbeig , Priyanshu Gupta

As generative AI models, particularly large language models (LLMs), transform educational feedback practices in higher education (HE) contexts, understanding students' perceptions of different sources of feedback becomes crucial for their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Audrey Zhang , Yifei Gao , Wannapon Suraworachet , Tanya Nazaretsky , Mutlu Cukurova

In natural language processing (NLP) we always rely on human judgement as the golden quality evaluation method. However, there has been an ongoing debate on how to better evaluate inter-rater reliability (IRR) levels for certain evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Serge Gladkoff , Lifeng Han , Goran Nenadic

Annotator disagreement is ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. There are multiple reasons for such disagreements, including the subjectivity of the task, difficult cases, unclear guidelines, and so on. Rather than simply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Naihao Deng , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Siyang Liu , Winston Wu , Lu Wang , Rada Mihalcea

The traditional evaluation of information retrieval (IR) systems is generally very costly as it requires manual relevance annotation from human experts. Recent advancements in generative artificial intelligence -- specifically large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Harrie Oosterhuis , Rolf Jagerman , Zhen Qin , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky

Given a supervised/semi-supervised learning scenario where multiple annotators are available, we consider the problem of identification of adversarial or unreliable annotators.

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-06-01 Ramanathan Subramanian , Romer Rosales , Glenn Fung , Jennifer Dy

Autograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Johannes Schneider , Robin Richner , Micha Riser

Automated grading systems can efficiently score short-answer responses, yet they often fail to indicate when a grading decision is uncertain or potentially contentious. We introduce semantic entropy, a measure of variability across multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Karrtik Iyer , Manikandan Ravikiran , Prasanna Pendse , Shayan Mohanty

As text generated by large language models proliferates, it becomes vital to understand how humans engage with such text, and whether or not they are able to detect when the text they are reading did not originate with a human writer. Prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Liam Dugan , Daphne Ippolito , Arun Kirubarajan , Sherry Shi , Chris Callison-Burch