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Online sexism appears in various forms, which makes its detection challenging. Although automated tools can enhance the identification of sexist content, they are often restricted to binary classification. Consequently, more subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Laura De Grazia , Danae Sánchez Villegas , Desmond Elliott , Mireia Farrús , Mariona Taulé

This study evaluates the biases in Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental, a state-of-the-art large language model (LLM) developed by Google, focusing on content moderation and gender disparities. By comparing its performance to ChatGPT-4o, examined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Roberto Balestri

Nowadays, billions of people engage in communication and express their opinions on the internet daily. Unfortunately, not all of these expressions are friendly or compliant, making content moderation an indispensable task. A common approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Huan Ma , Changqing Zhang , Huazhu Fu , Peilin Zhao , Bingzhe Wu

Current multimodal toxicity benchmarks typically use a single binary hatefulness label. This coarse approach conflates two fundamentally different characteristics of expression: tone and content. Drawing on communication science theory, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nils A. Herrmann , Tobias Eder , Jingyi He , Georg Groh

Detecting online sexual predatory behaviours and abusive language on social media platforms has become a critical area of research due to the growing concerns about online safety, especially for vulnerable populations such as children and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Campbell Wilson , Janis Dalins

Software projects thrive on the involvement and contributions of individuals from different backgrounds. However, toxic language and negative interactions can hinder the participation and retention of contributors and alienate newcomers.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Mia Mohammad Imran , Robert Zita , Rebekah Copeland , Preetha Chatterjee , Rahat Rizvi Rahman , Kostadin Damevski

Sexism in online content is a pervasive issue that necessitates effective classification techniques to mitigate its harmful impact. Online platforms often have sexist comments and posts that create a hostile environment, especially for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 AmirMohammad Azadi , Baktash Ansari , Sina Zamani , Sauleh Eetemadi

Detecting misogynistic hate speech is a difficult algorithmic task. The task is made more difficult when decision criteria for what constitutes misogynistic speech are ungrounded in established literatures in psychology and philosophy, both…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Artemis Deligianni , Zachary Horne , Leonidas A. A. Doumas

Content moderation on social media platforms shapes the dynamics of online discourse, influencing whose voices are amplified and whose are suppressed. Recent studies have raised concerns about the fairness of content moderation practices,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rebecca Dorn , Lee Kezar , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

As online platforms grow, comment sections increasingly host harassment that undermines user experience and well-being. This study benchmarks three leading large language models, OpenAI GPT-4.1, Google Gemini 1.5 Pro, and Anthropic Claude 3…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Amel Muminovic

Detecting hateful content is a challenging and important problem. Automated tools, like machine-learning models, can help, but they require continuous training to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of social media. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jay Patel , Hrudayangam Mehta , Jeremy Blackburn

The detection of sensitive content in large datasets is crucial for ensuring that shared and analysed data is free from harmful material. However, current moderation tools, such as external APIs, suffer from limitations in customisation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Dimosthenis Antypas , Indira Sen , Carla Perez-Almendros , Jose Camacho-Collados , Francesco Barbieri

Anti-sexist speech, i.e., public expressions that challenge or resist gendered abuse and sexism, plays a vital role in shaping democratic debate online. Yet automated content moderation systems, increasingly powered by large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Aditi Dutta , Susan Banducci

A substantial portion of offensive content on social media is directed towards women. Since the approaches for general offensive content detection face a challenge in detecting misogynistic content, it requires solutions tailored to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Mohammad Zia Ur Rehman , Sufyaan Zahoor , Areeb Manzoor , Musharaf Maqbool , Nagendra Kumar

Memes are popular in the modern world and are distributed primarily for entertainment. However, harmful ideologies such as misogyny can be propagated through innocent-looking memes. The detection and understanding of why a meme is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kushal Kanwar , Dushyant Singh Chauhan , Gopendra Vikram Singh , Asif Ekbal

Identifying misogyny using artificial intelligence is a form of combating online toxicity against women. However, the subjective nature of interpreting misogyny poses a significant challenge to model the phenomenon. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Jason Angel , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , Grigori Sidorov , Alexander Gelbukh

Social coding platforms such as GitHub have become defacto environments for collaborative programming and open source. When these platforms do not support specific cognitive styles, they create barriers to programming for some populations.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Italo Santos , João Felipe Pimentel , Igor Wiese , Igor Steinmacher , Anita Sarma , Marco A. Gerosa

Sensitive information detection is crucial in content moderation to maintain safe online communities. Assisting in this traditionally manual process could relieve human moderators from overwhelming and tedious tasks, allowing them to focus…

Several computational tools have been developed to detect and identify sexism, misogyny, and gender-based hate speech, particularly on online platforms. These tools draw on insights from both social science and computer science. Given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Aditi Dutta , Susan Banducci , Chico Q. Camargo

Digital platforms have an ever-expanding user base, and act as a hub for communication, business, and connectivity. However, this has also allowed for the spread of hate speech and misogyny. Artificial intelligence models have emerged as an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Sargam Yadav , Abhishek Kaushik , Kevin Mc Daid
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