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Deep reinforcement learning has shown promising results in learning control policies for complex sequential decision-making tasks. However, these neural network-based policies are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Yen-Chen Lin , Ming-Yu Liu , Min Sun , Jia-Bin Huang

Recently, robust reinforcement learning (RL) methods against input observation have garnered significant attention and undergone rapid evolution due to RL's potential vulnerability. Although these advanced methods have achieved reasonable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Kosuke Nakanishi , Akihiro Kubo , Yuji Yasui , Shin Ishii

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) addresses the challenge of expensive and high-risk data exploration inherent in RL by pre-training policies on vast amounts of offline data, enabling direct deployment or fine-tuning in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Thanh Nguyen , Tung M. Luu , Tri Ton , Chang D. Yoo

Reinforcement learning agents are susceptible to evasion attacks during deployment. In single-agent environments, these attacks can occur through imperceptible perturbations injected into the inputs of the victim policy network. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Xiang Zheng , Xingjun Ma , Shengjie Wang , Xinyu Wang , Chao Shen , Cong Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in various decision-making tasks of machine learning provides effective results with an agent learning from a stand-alone reward function. However, it presents unique challenges with large amounts of environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Neda Navidi

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising basis for creating agents that can tackle complex tasks through iterative environmental interaction. Existing methods either require these agents to mimic expert-provided trajectories or rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Dihong Gong , Pu Lu , Zelong Wang , Meng Zhou , Xiuqiang He

Reinforcement learning algorithms, just like any other Machine learning algorithm pose a serious threat from adversaries. The adversaries can manipulate the learning algorithm resulting in non-optimal policies. In this paper, we analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Aqeel Anwar , Arijit Raychowdhury

Reward modeling has emerged as a promising approach for the scalable alignment of language models. However, contemporary reward models (RMs) often lack robustness, awarding high rewards to low-quality, out-of-distribution (OOD) samples.…

Large language models (LLMs) augmented with external tools are increasingly deployed as deep research agents that gather, reason over, and synthesize web information to answer complex queries. Although recent open-source systems achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yi Wan , Jiuqi Wang , Liam Li , Jinsong Liu , Ruihao Zhu , Zheqing Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-agent systems where agents communicate in natural language to solve tasks jointly. A key capability in such systems is consensus formation, where agents iteratively exchange…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaolin Sun , Zixuan Liu , Yibin Hu , Zizhan Zheng

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) is remarkably effective in addressing sequential resource allocation problems in domains such as healthcare, public policy, and resource management. However, deep RL policies often lack transparency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Mauricio Tec , Guojun Xiong , Haichuan Wang , Francesca Dominici , Milind Tambe

In adversarial environments, one side could gain an advantage by identifying the opponent's strategy. For example, in combat games, if an opponents strategy is identified as overly aggressive, one could lay a trap that exploits the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Mark Rucker , Stephen Adams , Roy Hayes , Peter A. Beling

Large language models (LLMs) can often be made to behave in undesirable ways that they are explicitly fine-tuned not to. For example, the LLM red-teaming literature has produced a wide variety of 'jailbreaking' techniques to elicit harmful…

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has become an appealing solution to algorithmic trading such as high frequency trading of stocks and cyptocurrencies. However, DRL have been shown to be susceptible to adversarial attacks. It follows that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-24 Yaser Faghan , Nancirose Piazza , Vahid Behzadan , Ali Fathi

Reinforcement learning algorithms describe how an agent can learn an optimal action policy in a sequential decision process, through repeated experience. In a given environment, the agent policy provides him some running and terminal…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-03-24 Arthur Charpentier , Romuald Elie , Carl Remlinger

Recent studies have demonstrated that reinforcement learning (RL) agents are susceptible to adversarial manipulation, similar to vulnerabilities previously demonstrated in the supervised learning setting. While most existing work studies…

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms aim to learn optimal decisions in unknown environments through experience of taking actions and observing the rewards gained. In some cases, the environment is not influenced by the actions of the RL…

Function call capabilities have become crucial for Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling them to interact more effectively with external tools and APIs. Existing methods for improving the function call capabilities of LLMs rely on data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Weiran Guo , Bing Bo , Shaoxiang Wu , Jingsheng Yang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but such training typically demands substantial efforts in creating and annotating data. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hangfan Zhang , Siyuan Xu , Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Shicheng Liu , Xinrun Wang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Shuyue Hu

Reinforcement learning (RL) -- algorithms that teach artificial agents to interact with environments by maximising reward signals -- has achieved significant success in recent years. These successes have been facilitated by advances in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Llewyn Salt , Marcus Gallagher