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Related papers: Fast 4D-STEM-based phase mapping for amorphous and…

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This study presents a novel integration of unsupervised learning and decision-making strategies for the advanced analysis of 4D-STEM datasets, with a focus on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) as the primary clustering method. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Junhao Cao , Nicolas Folastre , Gozde Oney , Edgar Rauch , Stavros Nicolopoulos , Partha Pratim Das , Arnaud Demortière

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) enables mapping of diffraction information with nanometer-scale spatial resolution, offering detailed insight into local structure, orientation, and strain. However, as…

High-throughput grain mapping with sub-nanometer spatial resolution is demonstrated using scanning nanobeam electron diffraction (also known as 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy, or 4D-STEM) combined with high-speed direct…

We present the development of a new algorithm which combines state-of-the-art energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy theory and a suitable machine learning formulation for the hyperspectral unmixing of scanning transmission electron…

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has a broad range of applications in materials characterization, including real-space imaging, spectroscopy, and diffraction, at length scales from the micron to sub-{\AA}ngstr\"om. The…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-06-07 Bryan D Esser , Joanne Etheridge

The technique known as 4D-STEM has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the local characterization of crystalline structures in materials, such as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries or perovskite materials for photovoltaics. However,…

Linear phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques compatible with high-throughput 4D-STEM acquisition are widely used to enhance phase contrast in weakly scattering and beam-sensitive materials. In these…

We present a new analysis method for atomic resolution four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM, in which a diffraction pattern is collected at each point of a raster scan of a focused electron beam across the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-11 Yining Xie , Eoin Moynihan , Marin Alexe , Louis Piper , Ana Sanchez , Richard Beanland

Development in lattice strain mapping using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) method now offers improved precision and feasibility. However, automatic and accurate diffraction analysis is still challenging…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-01-04 Sihan Wang , Tim Eldred , Jacob Smith , Wenpei Gao

An algorithm is described and tested that carries out a non negative matrix factorization (NMF) ignoring any stretching of the signal along the axis of the independent variable. This extended NMF model is called StretchedNMF. Variability in…

Three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) has emerged as a powerful method for solving the structures of sub-micron-sized particles down to nanoparticles. However, it faces technical challenges when applied to beam-sensitive samples or…

Properties of crystalline materials are closely linked to microstructure arising from the spatial arrangement, orientation, and phase of nanocrystals. Rapid characterization of crystalline microstructure can accelerate the identification of…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-02-16 Kwanghwi Je , Ellis R. Kennedy , Sungin Kim , Yao Yang , Erik H. Thiede

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) of local atomic diffraction patterns is emerging as a powerful technique for probing intricate details of atomic structure and atomic electric fields. However, efficient…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-15 Xin Li , Ondrej E. Dyck , Mark P. Oxley , Andrew R. Lupini , Leland McInnes , John Healy , Stephen Jesse , Sergei V. Kalinin

We introduce a denoising method for four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) that relies on processing local, scan position-independent electron event-sparse data stacks, called event-sparse stack denoising. This…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Gregory Nordahl , Rebekka Klemmt , Espen Drath Bøjesen

High-throughput analysis of multidimensional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) datasets remains a significant challenge, limiting the broader impact on strategic materials research. Conventional workflows typically involve sequential,…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-07-16 Arda Genc , Ravit Silverstein

4D-STEM, in which the 2D diffraction plane is captured for each 2D scan position in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) using a pixelated detector, is complementing and increasingly replacing existing imaging approaches.…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-07-27 Colum M. O'Leary , Benedikt Haas , Christoph T. Koch , Peter D. Nellist , Lewys Jones

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is a powerful tool that allows for the simultaneous acquisition of spatial and diffraction information, driven by recent advancements in direct electron detector…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-10-23 Ujjval Bansal , Amit Sharma , Barbara Putz , Christoph Kirchlechner , Subin Lee

The association of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the detection of a diffraction pattern at each probe position (so-called 4D-STEM) represents one of the most promising approaches to analyze structural properties of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-01-26 Leonardo Corrêa , Eduardo Ortega , Arturo Ponce , Mônica Cotta , Daniel Ugarte

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is one of the most rapidly growing modes of electron microscopy imaging. The advent of fast pixelated cameras and the associated data infrastructure have greatly…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-27 Xin Li , Ondrej Dyck , Stephen Jesse , Andrew R. Lupini , Sergei V. Kalinin , Mark P. Oxley

High quality scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data acquisition and analysis has become increasingly important due to the commercial demand for investigating the properties of complex materials such as battery cathodes;…

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