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Masked diffusion models (MDMs) have shown promise in language modeling, yet their scalability and effectiveness in core language tasks, such as text generation and language understanding, remain underexplored. This paper establishes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Shen Nie , Fengqi Zhu , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Qian Liu , Guangtao Zeng , Min Lin , Chongxuan Li

We study why continuous diffusion language models (DLMs) have lagged behind discrete diffusion approaches despite their appealing continuous generative dynamics. Under a controlled token--recovery study, we identify token rounding, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Junzhe Shen , Jieru Zhao , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Multimodal autoregressive (AR) models, based on next-token prediction and transformer architecture, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various multimodal tasks including text-to-image (T2I) generation. Despite their strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yi Wu , Shengju Qian , Lingting Zhu , Lei Liu , Wandi Qiao , Ziqiang Li , Lequan Yu , Bin Li

Diffusion models have established themselves as state-of-the-art generative models across various data modalities, including images and videos, due to their ability to accurately approximate complex data distributions. Unlike traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Daniel Wesego

One of the most compelling features of global discrete diffusion language models is their global bidirectional contextual capability. However, existing block-based diffusion studies tend to introduce autoregressive priors, which, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Linrui Ma , Yufei Cui , Kai Han , Yunhe Wang

Large language model (LLM)-based embedding models, benefiting from large scale pre-training and post-training, have begun to surpass BERT and T5-based models on general-purpose text embedding tasks such as document retrieval. However, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Siyue Zhang , Yilun Zhao , Liyuan Geng , Arman Cohan , Anh Tuan Luu , Chen Zhao

Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful new family of deep generative models with record-breaking performance in many applications, including image synthesis, video generation, and molecule design. In this survey, we provide an overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ling Yang , Zhilong Zhang , Yang Song , Shenda Hong , Runsheng Xu , Yue Zhao , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui , Ming-Hsuan Yang

We derive a new theoretical interpretation of the reweighted losses that are widely used for training diffusion models. Our method is based on constructing a cascade of time-dependent variational lower bounds on the data log-likelihood,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Jiaxin Shi , Michalis K. Titsias

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) promise parallel generation and bidirectional context, yet they underperform autoregressive (AR) models in both likelihood modeling and generated text quality. We identify that this performance gap arises…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Litu Rout , Constantine Caramanis , Sanjay Shakkottai

Modern language models have historically relied on two dominant design choices: subword tokenization and autoregressive (AR) ordering. These design decisions bake in priors that dictate a model's learning. Recently, two alternative…

Although numerical weather forecasting methods have dominated the field, recent advances in deep learning methods, such as diffusion models, have shown promise in ensemble weather forecasting. However, such models are typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Kevin Valencia , Ziyang Liu , Justin Cui

The recent wave of large-scale text-to-image diffusion models has dramatically increased our text-based image generation abilities. These models can generate realistic images for a staggering variety of prompts and exhibit impressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Alexander C. Li , Mihir Prabhudesai , Shivam Duggal , Ellis Brown , Deepak Pathak

Diffusion-based decoding has recently emerged as an appealing alternative to autoregressive (AR) generation, offering the potential to update multiple tokens in parallel and reduce latency. However, diffusion vision language models (dVLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Lunbin Zeng , Jingfeng Yao , Bencheng Liao , Hongyuan Tao , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang

Diffusion Models are popular generative modeling methods in various vision tasks, attracting significant attention. They can be considered a unique instance of self-supervised learning methods due to their independence from label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-19 Michael Fuest , Pingchuan Ma , Ming Gui , Johannes Schusterbauer , Vincent Tao Hu , Bjorn Ommer

Data imputation and data generation have important applications for many domains, like healthcare and finance, where incomplete or missing data can hinder accurate analysis and decision-making. Diffusion models have emerged as powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mario Villaizán-Vallelado , Matteo Salvatori , Carlos Segura , Ioannis Arapakis

Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning have significantly improved synthetic speech generation. This paper explores diffusion models, a novel method for creating realistic synthetic speech. We create a diffusion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Anton Firc , Kamil Malinka , Petr Hanáček

Masked diffusion models (MDMs) have emerged as a popular research topic for generative modeling of discrete data, thanks to their superior performance over other discrete diffusion models, and are rivaling the auto-regressive models (ARMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kaiwen Zheng , Yongxin Chen , Hanzi Mao , Ming-Yu Liu , Jun Zhu , Qinsheng Zhang

Post-training pretrained autoregressive models (ARMs) into masked diffusion models (MDMs) has emerged as a cost-effective way to overcome the limitations of sequential generation. Yet it remains unclear whether post-trained MDMs acquire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Injin Kong , Hyoungjoon Lee , Yohan Jo

Diffusion models promise efficient parallel text generation but rely on bidirectional attention, creating a structural mismatch with pre-trained Autoregressive (AR) models. This incompatibility precludes reusing robust AR priors,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiangyu Ma , Teng Xiao , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang

Diffusion language models, especially masked discrete diffusion models, have achieved great success recently. While there are some theoretical and primary empirical results showing the advantages of latent reasoning with looped transformers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Cai Zhou , Chenxiao Yang , Yi Hu , Chenyu Wang , Chubin Zhang , Muhan Zhang , Lester Mackey , Tommi Jaakkola , Stephen Bates , Dinghuai Zhang
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