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We investigate the evolution of protoplanets with different masses embedded in an accretion disk, via global fully three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. We consider a range of planetary masses extending from one and a half Earth's…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-06-20 Gennaro D'Angelo , Willy Kley , Thomas Henning

The characterization of Super-Earth-to-Neptune sized exoplanets relies heavily on our understanding of their formation and evolution. In this study, we link a model of planet formation by pebble accretion to the planets' long-term…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-24 A. Vazan , C. W. Ormel , M. G. Brouwers

Low-mass, metal-enriched stars were likely present as early as cosmic dawn. In this work, we investigate whether these stars could have hosted planets in their protoplanetary disks. If so, these would have been the first planets to form in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-31 Linn E. J. Eriksson , Shyam Menon , Daniel Carrera , Wladimir Lyra , Blakesley Burkhart

The large number of exoplanets found to orbit their host stars in very close orbits have significantly advanced our understanding of the planetary formation process. It is now widely accepted that such short-period planets cannot have…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2011-12-07 Jianghui Ji , Sheng Jin , C. G. Tinney

We study the formation of the TRAPPIST-1 (T1) planets starting shortly after Moon-sized bodies form just exterior to the ice line. Our model includes mass growth from pebble accretion and mergers, fragmentation, type-I migration, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-26 Anna C. Childs , Cody Shakespeare , David R. Rice , Chao-Chin Yang , Jason H. Steffen

It remains an elusive goal to simultaneously model the astrophysics of Solar System accretion while reproducing the mantle chemistry of more than one inner terrestrial planet. Here, we used a multistage core-mantle differentiation model…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-05-10 Gabriel Nathan , David C. Rubie , Seth A. Jacobson

Streaming instability is hypothesized to be triggered at particular protoplanetary disk locations where the volume density of the solid particles is enriched comparable to that of the gas. A ring of planetesimals thus forms when this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-10 Hyerin Jang , Beibei Liu , Anders Johansen

According to the canonical planet formation theory, planets form "in-situ" within a planetesimal disk via runaway and oligarchic growth. This theory, however, cannot naturally account for the formation timescale of ice giants or the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-29 Tenri Jinno , Takayuki R. Saitoh , Yoko Funato , Junichiro Makino

Aspects of our Solar System's formation are deduced from observations of the chemical nature of matter. Massive cores are indicative of terrestrial-planet-composition-similarity to enstatite chondrite meteorites, whose highly-reduced state…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Marvin Herndon

During the formation of rocky planets, the surface environments of growing protoplanets were dramatically different from those of present-day planets. The release of gravitational energy during accretion would have maintained a molten…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-17 Haruya Maeda , Takanori Sasaki

The standard model for planet formation is a bottom-up process in which the origin of rocky and gaseous planets can be traced back to the collision of micron-sized dust grains within the gas-rich environment of protoplanetary disks. Key…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-14 Philip J. Armitage

Planet formation models have been developed during the last years in order to try to reproduce the observations of both the solar system, and the extrasolar planets. Some of these models have partially succeeded, focussing however on…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Y. Alibert , F. Carron , A. Fortier , S. Pfyffer , W. Benz , C. Mordasini , D. Swoboda

We present the results of planet formation N-body simulations based on a comprehensive physical model that includes planetary mass growth through mutual embryo collisions and planetesimal/boulder accretion, viscous disc evolution, planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-17 Gavin A. L. Coleman , Richard P. Nelson

The final stage of terrestrial planet formation consists of the cleanup of residual planetesimals after the giant impact phase. Dynamically, a residual planetesimal population is needed to damp the high eccentricities of the terrestrial…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Hilke E. Schlichting , Paul H. Warren , Qing-Zhu Yin

We hypothesise that planets are made by tidal downsizing of migrating giant planet embryos. The proposed scheme for planet formation consists of these steps: (i) a massive young protoplanetary disc fragments at R ~ several tens to hundreds…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-19 Sergei Nayakshin

This pedagogical chapter covers the theory of planet formation, with an emphasis on the physical processes relevant to current research. After summarizing empirical constraints from astronomical and geophysical data, we describe the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Andrew N. Youdin , Scott J. Kenyon

The water content and habitability of terrestrial planets are determined during their final assembly, from perhaps a hundred 1000-km "planetary embryos" and a swarm of billions of 1-10 km "planetesimals." During this process, we assume that…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Sean N. Raymond , Thomas Quinn , Jonathan I. Lunine

We consider trends resulting from two formation mechanisms for short-period super-Earths: planet-planet scattering and migration. We model scenarios where these planets originate near the snow line in ``cold finger'' circumstellar disks.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Grant M. Kennedy , Scott J. Kenyon

The Jupiter-Saturn chaotic excitation (JSCE) scenario proposes that the protoplanetary disk was dynamically excited and depleted beyond ~1-1.5 au in a few Myr, offering a new and plausible explanation for several observed properties of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-20 Patryk Sofia Lykawka , Takashi Ito

Observations and models of giant planets indicate that such objects are enriched in heavy elements compared to solar abundances. The prevailing view is that giant planets accreted multiple Earth masses of heavy elements after the end of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-05-18 Linn E. J. Eriksson , Thomas Ronnet , Anders Johansen , Ravit Helled , Claudio Valletta , Antoine C. Petit