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Individual treatment effects are not point-identified from data. The Probability of Necessity and Sufficiency (PNS) circumvents this limitation by characterizing individual-level causality through intersection bounds derived from combined…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Gandharv Patil , Keyi Tang , Raquel Aoki , Leo Guelman

Measuring treatment effects in observational studies is challenging because of confounding bias. Confounding occurs when a variable affects both the treatment and the outcome. Traditional methods such as propensity score matching estimate…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-23 Bevan I. Smith , Charles Chimedza

We consider estimating average treatment effects (ATE) of a binary treatment in observational data when data-driven variable selection is needed to select relevant covariates from a moderately large number of available covariates…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-27 David Cheng , Abhishek Chakrabortty , Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan , Tianxi Cai

Propensity score weighting is a common method for estimating treatment effects with survey data. The method is applied to minimize confounding using measured covariates that are often different between individuals in treatment and control.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-06 Yukang Zeng , Fan Li , Guangyu Tong

Biases in observational data of treatments pose a major challenge to estimating expected treatment outcomes in different populations. An important technique that accounts for these biases is reweighting samples to minimize the discrepancy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Michal Ozery-Flato , Pierre Thodoroff , Matan Ninio , Michal Rosen-Zvi , Tal El-Hay

We study targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) of the average treatment effect in a semiparametric regression model whose mean function is indexed by a finite-dimensional parameter, while the additive error distribution is left…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-20 Mijeong Kim

This article proposes a meta-learning method for estimating the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) from a few observational data. The proposed method learns how to estimate CATEs from multiple tasks and uses the knowledge for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Yoichi Chikahara

When considering the effect a treatment will cause in a population of interest, we often look to evidence from randomized controlled trials. In settings where multiple trials on a treatment are available, we may wish to synthesize the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-08 Nicole Schnitzler , Eloise Kaizar

Propensity score weighting is a tool for causal inference to adjust for measured confounders in observational studies. In practice, data often present complex structures, such as clustering, which make propensity score modeling and…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-20 Shu Yang

Network meta-analysis is a powerful tool to synthesize evidence from independent studies and compare multiple treatments simultaneously. A critical task of performing a network meta-analysis is to offer ranks of all available treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-15 Andrés F. Barrientos , Garritt L. Page , Lifeng Lin

Inferring the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome in an observational study requires adjusting for observed baseline confounders to avoid bias. However, adjusting for all observed baseline covariates, when only a subset are…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-04 Wen Wei Loh , Stijn Vansteelandt

Treatment effect estimation is a fundamental problem in causal inference. We focus on designing efficient randomized controlled trials, to accurately estimate the effect of some treatment on a population of $n$ individuals. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Raghavendra Addanki , David Arbour , Tung Mai , Cameron Musco , Anup Rao

In this paper, we study causal inference when the treatment variable is an aggregation of multiple sub-treatment variables. Researchers often report marginal causal effects for the aggregated treatment, implicitly assuming that the target…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-08 Carolina Caetano , Gregorio Caetano , Brantly Callaway , Derek Dyal

Estimates of individual treatment effects from networked observational data are attracting increasing attention these days. One major challenge in network scenarios is the violation of the stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Ziyu Zhao , Yuqi Bai , Kun Kuang , Ruoxuan Xiong , Fei Wu

Identification of treatment effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding is a persistent problem in the social, biological, and medical sciences. The problem of unmeasured confounding in settings with multiple treatments is most common…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-12 Wang Miao , Wenjie Hu , Elizabeth L. Ogburn , Xiaohua Zhou

Many estimators of the average effect of a treatment on an outcome require estimation of the propensity score, the outcome regression, or both. It is often beneficial to utilize flexible techniques such as semiparametric regression or…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-14 Cheng Ju , David Benkeser , Mark J. van der Laan

Understanding treatment effect heterogeneity is vital to many scientific fields because the same treatment may affect different individuals differently. Quantile regression provides a natural framework for modeling such heterogeneity. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-12 Alexander Giessing , Jingshen Wang

Doubly robust estimators of causal effects are a popular means of estimating causal effects. Such estimators combine an estimate of the conditional mean of the outcome given treatment and confounders (the so-called outcome regression) with…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-17 David Benkeser , Weixin Cai , Mark J van der Laan

In observational studies, researchers must select a method to control for confounding. Options include propensity score methods and regression. It remains unclear how dataset characteristics (size, overlap in propensity scores, exposure…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-21 J. Wilkinson , M. A. Mamas , E. Kontopantelis

We are interested in the distribution of treatment effects for an experiment where units are randomized to a treatment but outcomes are measured for pairs of units. For example, we might measure risk sharing links between households…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-10-11 Eric Auerbach , Yong Cai