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Code smells as symptoms of poor design and implementation choices. Many times they are the result of so called technical debt. Our study showed that the interest in code smells research is increasing. However, most of the publications are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-19 Peter Kokol , Milan Zorman , Grega Zlahtic , Bojan Zlahtic

Refactoring tools in popular Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) can introduce unintended behavioral changes or compilation errors, a persistent challenge that undermines developer trust in automated transformations. Traditional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rohit Gheyi , Rian Melo , Jonhnanthan Oliveira , Marcio Ribeiro , Baldoino Fonseca

Architectural decay imposes real costs in terms of developer effort, system correctness, and performance. Over time, those problems are likely to be revealed as explicit implementation issues (defects, feature changes, etc.). Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Duc Minh Le , Suhrid Karthik , Marcelo Schmitt Laser , Nenad Medvidovic

Decisions on which classes to refactor are fraught with difficulty. The problem of identifying candidate classes becomes acute when confronted with large systems comprising hundreds or thousands of classes. In this paper, we describe a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Richard Wheeldon , Steve Counsell

Context: Developers use bad code smells to guide code reorganization. Yet developers, text books, tools, and researchers disagree on which bad smells are important. Objective: To evaluate the likelihood that a code reorganization to address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-05-17 Rahul Krishna , Tim Menzies , Lucas Layman

Pre-trained models of code built on the transformer architecture have performed well on software engineering (SE) tasks such as predictive code generation, code summarization, among others. However, whether the vector representations from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Anjan Karmakar , Romain Robbes

Test smells are known as bad development practices that reflect poor design and implementation choices in software tests. Over the last decade, test smells were heavily studied to measure their prevalence and impacts on test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Renaud Rwemalika , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon , Marie-Claude Brasseur

Dependencies between modules can trigger ripple effects when changes are made, making maintenance complex and costly, so minimizing these dependencies is crucial. Consequently, understanding what drives dependencies is important. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Zushuai Zhang , Elliott Wen , Ewan Tempero

Fault-proneness is an indication of programming errors that decreases software quality and maintainability. On the contrary, code smell is a symptom of potential design problems which has impact on fault-proneness. In the literature,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Md. Masudur Rahman , Toukir Ahammed , Md. Mahbubul Alam Joarder , Kazi Sakib

The common use case of code smells assumes causality: Identify a smell, remove it, and by doing so improve the code. We empirically investigate their fitness to this use. We present a list of properties that code smells should have if they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Idan Amit , Nili Ben Ezra , Dror G. Feitelson

Spreadsheets are commonly used in organizations as a programming tool for business-related calculations and decision making. Since faults in spreadsheets can have severe business impacts, a number of approaches from general software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Patrick Koch , Konstantin Schekotihin , Dietmar Jannach , Birgit Hofer , Franz Wotawa

Context: Code smells (CS) tend to compromise software quality and also demand more effort by developers to maintain and evolve the application throughout its life-cycle. They have long been catalogued with corresponding mitigating solutions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 José Pereira dos Reis , Fernando Brito e Abreu , Glauco de Figueiredo Carneiro , Craig Anslow

This paper reports an empirical study on refactoring activity in three Java software systems. We investigated some questions on refactoring activity, to confirm or disagree on conclusions that have been drawn from previous empirical…

The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in code-related tasks. However, most research focuses on improving the output quality of LLMs (e.g., correctness), and less attention has been paid to the LLM input (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Xue , Xiaoting Zhang , Zhipeng Gao , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

A code smell is a surface indicator of an inherent problem in the system, most often due to deviation from standard coding practices on the developers part during the development phase. Studies observe that code smells made the code more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Himanshu Gupta , Abhiram Anand Gulanikar , Lov Kumar , Lalita Bhanu Murthy Neti

Automatically evaluate the correctness of programming assignments is rather straightforward using unit and integration tests. However, programming tasks can be solved in multiple ways, many of which, although correct, are inelegant. For…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Mosleh Mahamud , Isak Samsten

This Innovative Practice full paper explores how Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance the teaching of code refactoring in software engineering courses through real-time, context-aware feedback. Refactoring improves code quality but is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Anshul Khairnar , Aarya Rajoju , Edward F. Gehringer

Test smells, similar to code smells, can negatively impact both the test code and the production code being tested. Despite extensive research on test smells in languages like Java, Scala, and Python, automated tools for detecting test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Partha P. Paul , Md Tonoy Akanda , M. Raihan Ullah , Dipto Mondal , Nazia S. Chowdhury , Fazle M. Tawsif

Test smells can reduce the developers' ability to interact with the test code. Refactoring test code offers a safe strategy to handle test smells. However, the manual refactoring activity is not a trivial process, and it is often tedious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Railana Santana , Luana Martins , Tássio Virgínio , Larissa Soares , Heitor Costa , Ivan Machado

Continuous Integration and Deployment (CI/CD) facilitate rapid software delivery, making fast feedback and minimal downtime essential. While caching has been shown to be an effective technique for tackling pipeline performance and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Francesco Urdih , Theodoros Theodoropoulos , Uwe Zdun