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As a practical privacy-preserving learning method, split learning has drawn much attention in academia and industry. However, its security is constantly being questioned since the intermediate results are shared during training and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fei Zheng , Chaochao Chen , Lingjuan Lyu , Xinyi Fu , Xing Fu , Weiqiang Wang , Xiaolin Zheng , Jianwei Yin

Split learning (SL) aims to protect user data privacy by distributing deep models between client-server and keeping private data locally. Only processed or `smashed' data can be transmitted from the clients to the server during the SL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ngoc Duy Pham , Khoa Tran Phan , Naveen Chilamkurti

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm that enhances users privacy by eliminating the need for clients to share raw, private data with the server. Despite the success, recent studies expose the vulnerability of FL to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Jing Wu , Munawar Hayat , Mingyi Zhou , Mehrtash Harandi

In computer vision, the vision transformer (ViT) has increasingly superseded the convolutional neural network (CNN) for improved accuracy and robustness. However, ViT's large model sizes and high sample complexity make it difficult to train…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Seungeun Oh , Sihun Baek , Jihong Park , Hyelin Nam , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ramesh Raskar , Mehdi Bennis , Seong-Lyun Kim

Split learning is a collaborative learning design that allows several participants (clients) to train a shared model while keeping their datasets private. Recent studies demonstrate that collaborative learning models, specifically federated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Behrad Tajalli , Oguzhan Ersoy , Stjepan Picek

Private data, being larger and quality-higher than public data, can greatly improve large language models (LLM). However, due to privacy concerns, this data is often dispersed in multiple silos, making its secure utilization for LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 JiaYing Zheng , HaiNan Zhang , LingXiang Wang , WangJie Qiu , HongWei Zheng , ZhiMing Zheng

Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, but is often limited by significant communication costs and edge device computation capabilities. Federated Split Learning (FSL) preserves the parallel model…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

Federated Learning (FL) is a popular collaborative learning scheme involving multiple clients and a server. FL focuses on protecting clients' data but turns out to be highly vulnerable to Intellectual Property (IP) threats. Since FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Jingtao Li , Adnan Siraj Rakin , Xing Chen , Li Yang , Zhezhi He , Deliang Fan , Chaitali Chakrabarti

Federated learning (FL) allows a server to learn a machine learning (ML) model across multiple decentralized clients that privately store their own training data. In contrast with centralized ML approaches, FL saves computation to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Josep Domingo-Ferrer , Sergio Martínez , David Sánchez , Adrian Flanagan , Kuan Eeik Tan

As a promising paradigm federated Learning (FL) is widely used in privacy-preserving machine learning, which allows distributed devices to collaboratively train a model while avoiding data transmission among clients. Despite its immense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Jinglong Shen , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng , Longfei Ma , Conghao Zhou , Yuan Zhang

Cyberattacks are a major issues and it causes organizations great financial, and reputation harm. However, due to various factors, the current network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) seem to be insufficent. Predominant NIDS identifies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Geet Shingi , Harsh Saglani , Preeti Jain

Collaborative clinical decision support is often constrained by governance and privacy rules that prevent pooling patient-level records across institutions. We present a hybrid privacy-preserving framework that combines Federated Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Farzana Akter , Rakib Hossain , Deb Kanna Roy Toushi , Mahmood Menon Khan , Sultana Amin , Lisan Al Amin

Federated fine-tuning of on-device large language models (LLMs) mitigates privacy concerns by preventing raw data sharing. However, the intensive computational and memory demands pose significant challenges for resource-constrained edge…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Tao Li , Yulin Tang , Yiyang Song , Cong Wu , Xihui Liu , Pan Li , Xianhao Chen

Federated Learning (FL), Split Learning (SL), and SplitFed Learning (SFL) are three recent developments in distributed machine learning that are gaining attention due to their ability to preserve the privacy of raw data. Thus, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Praveen Joshi , Chandra Thapa , Seyit Camtepe , Mohammed Hasanuzzamana , Ted Scully , Haithem Afli

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed learning approach that enables resource-constrained clients to collaboratively train deep neural networks (DNNs) by offloading most layers to a central server while keeping in- and output layers on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Nojan Sheybani , Alessandro Pegoraro , Jonathan Knauer , Phillip Rieger , Elissa Mollakuqe , Farinaz Koushanfar , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Data privacy concerns has made centralized training of data, which is scattered across silos, infeasible, leading to the need for collaborative learning frameworks. To address that, two prominent frameworks emerged, i.e., federated learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Tianchen Zhou , Zhanyi Hu , Bingzhe Wu , Cen Chen

The rapid growth of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices has resulted in significant security risks, particularly the risk of malware attacks on resource-constrained devices. Conventional deep learning methods are impractical due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Siva Sai , Manish Prasad , Animesh Bhargava , Vinay Chamola , Rajkumar Buyya

Collaborative and distributed learning techniques, such as Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL), hold significant promise for leveraging sensitive data in privacy-critical domains. However, FL and SL suffer from key limitations…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Amirreza Sokhankhosh , Khalid Hassan , Sara Rouhani

Big data scenarios, where massive, heterogeneous datasets are distributed across clients, demand scalable, privacy-preserving learning methods. Federated learning (FL) enables decentralized training of machine learning (ML) models across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Obaidullah Zaland , Sajib Mistry , Monowar Bhuyan

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed learning framework renowned for its privacy-preserving features and minimal computational requirements. Previous research consistently highlights the potential privacy breaches in SL systems by server…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xiaoyang Xu , Mengda Yang , Wenzhe Yi , Ziang Li , Juan Wang , Hongxin Hu , Yong Zhuang , Yaxin Liu