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The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

Autonomous droop control PV inverters have improved voltage regulation compared to the inverters without grid support functions, but more flexible control techniques will be required as the number of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-24 Peter Lusis , Lachlan L. H. Andrew , Ariel Liebman , Guido Tack

A widely embraced approach to mitigate the dynamic degradation in low-inertia power systems is to mimic generation response using grid-connected inverters to restore the grid's stiffness. In this paper, we seek to challenge this approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-30 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

This paper focuses on the challenging task of bottom-up restoration in a complete blackout system using Grid-forming (GFM) converters. Challenges arise due to the limited current capability of power converters, resulting in distinct dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Zexian Zeng , Prajwal Bhagwat , Maryam Saeedifard , Dominic Groß

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

Grid-forming, particularly those utilizing droop control and virtual synchronous generators (VSG), can actively regulate the frequency and voltage of microgrid systems, exhibiting dynamic characteristics akin to those of synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Aihong Tang

In recent years, virtual oscillator control, particularly the Andronov-Hopf oscillator (AHO), has received widespread attention for controlling grid-forming (GFM) inverters due to their superior dynamic response. However, traditional AHO…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Hamed Rezazadeh , Mohammad Monfared , Meghdad Fazeli , Saeed Golestan

An islanded inverter-based microgrid is a collection of heterogeneous DC energy resources, e.g., photovoltaic arrays, fuel cells, and energy-storage devices, interfaced to an AC distribution network and operated independently from the bulk…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-28 Taouba Jouini

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

This paper presents the experimental validation of a grid-aware real-time control method for hybrid AC/DC microgrids. The optimal control is leveraged by the voltage sensitivity coefficients (SC) that are computed analytically using the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-02 Willem Lambrichts , Jules Mace , Mario Paolone

This paper presents an analysis and experimental validation of dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC) for inverter-dominated power systems. dVOC is a promising decentralized control strategy that requires only local measurements to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-22 Gab-Su Seo , Marcello Colombino , Irina Subotić , Brian Johnson , Dominic Groß , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active power-frequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Large-scale AI training workloads in modern data centers exhibit rapid and periodic power fluctuations, which may induce significant voltage deviations in power distribution systems. Existing voltage regulation methods, such as droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Mingyuan Yan , Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang , Yize Chen , Wenqi Cui

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

This paper investigates the frequency control of multi-machine power systems subject to uncertain and dynamic net loads. We propose distributed internal model controllers that coordinate synchronous generators and demand response to tackle…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hunmin Kim , Minghui Zhu , Jianming Lian

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

Hybrid systems combine both discrete and continuous state dynamics. Power electronic inverters are inherently hybrid systems: they are controlled via discrete-valued switching inputs which determine the evolution of the continuous-valued…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-02 Gabriel E. Colón-Reyes , Kaylene C. Stocking , Duncan S. Callaway , Claire J. Tomlin

The popular single-input single-output control structures and classic design methods (e.g., root locus analysis) for the power control of grid-forming converters have limitations in applying to different line characteristics and providing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-02 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

This paper presents a novel framework for collective control of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in active Distribution Networks (DNs). The proposed approach unifies the commonly employed local (i.e., decentralized) voltage and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-19 Ognjen Stanojev , Yi Guo , Gabriela Hug

Renewables are key enablers for the realization of a sustainable energy supply but grid operators and energy utilities have to mange their intermittent behavior and limited storage capabilities by ensuring the security of supply and power…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Marcel Otte , Fabian Leimgruber , Roland Bründlinger , Sebastian Rohjans , Aadil Latif , Thomas I. Strasser