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Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) have significantly expanded LLM agents' capability to interact dynamically with external tools and APIs. However, existing tool…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , James A. Burke

As Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces an easy-to-use ecosystem for users and developers, it also brings underexplored safety risks. Its decentralized architecture, which separates clients and servers, poses unique challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Huihao Jing , Haoran Li , Wenbin Hu , Qi Hu , Heli Xu , Tianshu Chu , Peizhao Hu , Yangqiu Song

Since the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP), the number of available tools for Large Language Models (LLMs) has increased significantly. These task-specific tool sets offer an alternative to general-purpose tools such as web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Reza Esfandiarpoor , Vishwas Suryanarayanan , Stephen H. Bach , Vishal Chowdhary , Anthony Aue

The rapid development of LLMs coupled with the introduction of Model Context Protocol (MCP) has revolutionized how intelligent agents interact with APIs through deterministic and structured methods \cite{ModelContextProtocolIntro2025}.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aditya Pujara , Xiaogang Zhu , Hsiang-Ting Chen

Agentic workflows driven by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to Building Information Modelling (BIM), enabling natural-language retrieval, modification and generation of IFC models. Recent work has begun adopting the…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Tobias Heimig-Elschner , Changyu Du , Anna Scheuvens , André Borrmann , Jakob Beetz

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has been proposed as a unifying standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools and resources, promising the same role for AI integration that HTTP and USB played for the Web and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hechuan Guo , Yongle Hao , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Peizhuo Lv , Jiezhi Chen , Xiuzhen Cheng

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a key infrastructure for connecting LLMs with external tools, scaling to 10,000+ MCP servers with diverse tools. Unfortunately, there is still a large gap between real-world MCP usage and current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Guozhao Mo , Wenliang Zhong , Jiawei Chen , Qianhao Yuan , Xuanang Chen , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) (MCP Community, 2025) has emerged as a widely used framework for enabling LLM-based agents to communicate with external tools and services. The original MCP implementation (Anthropic, 2024) relies on a Large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Meenakshi Amulya Jayanti , X. Y. Han

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly envisioned as decision-support tools in clinical practice, yet safe clinical reasoning demands integrating heterogeneous knowledge bases -- trials, primary studies, regulatory documents, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Shan Chen , Pedro Moreira , Yuxin Xiao , Sam Schmidgall , Jeremy Warner , Hugo Aerts , Thomas Hartvigsen , Jack Gallifant , Danielle S. Bitterman

Large Language Models (LLMs) with tool-calling capabilities have demonstrated remarkable potential in executing complex tasks through external tool integration. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized framework for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sarat Mudunuri , Jian Wan , Ally Qin , Srinivasan Manoharan

This paper reports on the implementation and evaluation of a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for DraCor, enabling Large Language Models (LLM) to autonomously interact with the DraCor API. We conducted experiments focusing on tool…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Peer Trilcke , Ingo Börner , Henny Sluyter-Gäthje , Daniil Skorinkin , Frank Fischer , Carsten Milling

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools. However, this MCP ecosystem introduces new security risks across hosts, servers, and registries. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Xiaofan Li , Xing Gao

Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Yi Huang , Bowen Zheng , Yunxi Dong , Hong Tang , Huan Zhao , S. M. Rakibul Hasan Shawon , Sensong An , Hualiang Zhang

To reduce development overhead and enable seamless integration between potential components comprising any given generative AI application, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) (Anthropic, 2024) has recently been released and subsequently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Brandon Radosevich , John Halloran

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which large language model (LLM) agents discover and invoke external tools. However, existing MCP evaluations fall short along three key axes: realistic multi-step…

LLMs' capabilities are enhanced by using function calls to integrate various data sources or API results into the context window. Typical tools include search, web crawlers, maps, financial data, file systems, and browser usage, etc.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shiqing Fan , Xichen Ding , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo

Tool calling has emerged as a critical capability for AI agents. In contrast to conventional tool calling frameworks that rely on static, provider-specific tool definitions, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) offers a unified interface to…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly serving as autonomous agents, and their utilization of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is considered a future trend. Current MCP evaluation sets suffer from issues such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Wenrui Liu , Zixiang Liu , Elsie Dai , Wenhan Yu , Lei Yu , Tong Yang , Jinjun Han , Hong Gao

Large language models hold considerable promise for supporting forensic investigations, but their widespread adoption is hindered by a lack of transparency, explainability, and reproducibility. This paper explores how the emerging Model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jan-Niclas Hilgert , Carlo Jakobs , Michael Külper , Martin Lambertz , Axel Mahr , Elmar Padilla

Explicit modeling of capabilities and skills -- whether based on ontologies, Asset Administration Shells, or other technologies -- requires considerable manual effort and often results in representations that are not easily accessible to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Aljosha Köcher , Felix Gehlhoff