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Stochastic embedding transitions introduce a probabilistic mechanism for adjusting token representations dynamically during inference, mitigating the constraints imposed through static or deterministic embeddings. A transition framework was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Stefan Whitaker , Colin Sisate , Marcel Windsor , Nikolai Fairweather , Tarquin Goldborough , Oskar Lindenfeld

Traffic scene understanding is essential for enabling autonomous vehicles to accurately perceive and interpret their environment, thereby ensuring safe navigation. This paper presents a novel framework that transforms a single frontal-view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Danial Sadrian Zadeh , Otman A. Basir , Behzad Moshiri

An open problem in autonomous driving research is modeling human driving behavior, which is needed for the planning component of the autonomy stack, safety validation through traffic simulation, and causal inference for generating…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-15 Raunak P. Bhattacharyya , Kyle Brown , Juanran Wang , Katherine Driggs-Campbell , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

For autonomous agents to successfully operate in real world, the ability to anticipate future motions of surrounding entities in the scene can greatly enhance their safety levels since potentially dangerous situations could be avoided in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Yeping Hu , Wei Zhan , Liting Sun , Masayoshi Tomizuka

As semi-automated vehicles (SAVs) become more common, ensuring effective human-vehicle interaction during control handovers remains a critical safety challenge. Existing studies often rely on single-session simulator experiments or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yasaman Hakiminejad , Shiva Azimi , Luis Gomero , Elizabeth Pantesco , Irene P. Kan , Meltem Izzetoglu , Arash Tavakoli

The complex driving environment brings great challenges to the visual perception of autonomous vehicles. It's essential to extract clear and explainable information from the complex road and traffic scenarios and offer clues to decision and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yiyue Zhao , Xinyu Yun , Chen Chai , Zhiyu Liu , Wenxuan Fan , Xiao Luo

Trajectory planning in dense, interactive traffic scenarios presents significant challenges for autonomous vehicles, primarily due to the uncertainty of human driver behavior and the non-convex nature of collision avoidance constraints.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Erik Börve , Nikolce Murgovski , Leo Laine

In this paper we introduce a general estimation methodology for learning a model of human perception and control in a sensorimotor control task based upon a finite set of demonstrations. The model's structure consists of i the agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Ran Wei , Anthony D. McDonald , Alfredo Garcia , Gustav Markkula , Johan Engstrom , Matthew O'Kelly

Humans have a remarkable ability to make decisions by accurately reasoning about future events, including the future behaviors and states of mind of other agents. Consider driving a car through a busy intersection: it is necessary to reason…

Anticipating traffic accidents is a critical yet unresolved problem for autonomous driving, hindered by the inherent complexity of modeling interactions between road users and the limited availability of diverse, large-scale datasets. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yanchen Guan , Haicheng Liao , Chengyue Wang , Xingcheng Liu , Jiaxun Zhang , Keqiang Li , Zhenning Li

Driver observation models are rarely deployed under perfect conditions. In practice, illumination, camera placement and type differ from the ones present during training and unforeseen behaviours may occur at any time. While observing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Alina Roitberg , Kunyu Peng , David Schneider , Kailun Yang , Marios Koulakis , Manuel Martinez , Rainer Stiefelhagen

Estimating the speed of vehicles using traffic cameras is a crucial task for traffic surveillance and management, enabling more optimal traffic flow, improved road safety, and lower environmental impact. Transportation-dependent systems,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Lucas Liebe , Franz Sauerwald , Sylwester Sawicki , Matthias Schneider , Leo Schuhmann , Tolga Buz , Paul Boes , Ahmad Ahmadov , Gerard de Melo

Scenario-based testing is a promising approach to solve the challenge of proving the safe behavior of vehicles equipped with automated driving systems. Since an infinite number of concrete scenarios can theoretically occur in real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Nico Weber , Christoph Thiem , Ulrich Konigorski

Naturalistic driving data (NDD) can help understand drivers' reactions to each driving scenario and provide personalized context to driving behavior. However, NDD requires a high amount of manual labor to label certain driver's state and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Arash Tavakoli , Arsalan Heydarian

Most state-of-the-art works in trajectory forecasting for automotive target predicting the pose and orientation of the agents in the scene. This represents a particularly useful problem, for instance in autonomous driving, but it does not…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Luca Paparusso , Stefano Melzi , Francesco Braghin

A self-driving vehicle must understand its environment to determine the appropriate action. Traditional autonomy systems rely on object detection to find the agents in the scene. However, object detection assumes a discrete set of objects…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Sourav Biswas , Sergio Casas , Quinlan Sykora , Ben Agro , Abbas Sadat , Raquel Urtasun

Car-following (CF) modeling, an essential component in simulating human CF behaviors, has attracted increasing research interest in the past decades. This paper pushes the state of the art by proposing a novel generative hybrid CF model,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yifan Zhang , Xinhong Chen , Jianping Wang , Zuduo Zheng , Kui Wu

Modeling and evaluation of automated vehicles (AVs) in mixed-autonomy traffic is essential prior to their safe and efficient deployment. This is especially important at urban junctions where complex multi-agent interactions occur. Current…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Saeed Rahmani , Simeon C. Calvert , Bart van Arem

Human mobility is intricately influenced by urban contexts spatially and temporally, constituting essential domain knowledge in understanding traffic systems. While existing traffic forecasting models primarily rely on raw traffic data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Yatao Zhang , Yi Wang , Song Gao , Martin Raubal

Forecasting short-term motion of nearby vehicles presents an inherently challenging issue as the space of their possible future movements is not strictly limited to a set of single trajectories. Recently proposed techniques that demonstrate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Albert Dulian , John C. Murray
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