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In this paper, we construct a hybrid boson star model that contains a complex scalar field and a Proca field. The scalar field is in the ground state, while the Proca field is in the first excited state. We numerically solve the model and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-18 Tian-Xiang Ma , Chen Liang , Jie Yang , Yong-Qiang Wang

We review particle-like configurations of complex scalar field, localized by gravity, so-called boson stars. In the simplest case, these solutions posses spherical symmetry, they may arise in the massive Einstein-Klein-Gordon theory with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-14 Yakov Shnir

We present new, fully nonlinear numerical solutions to the static, spherically symmetric Einstein-Klein-Gordon system for a collection of an arbitrary odd number $N$ of complex scalar fields with an internal $U(N)$ symmetry and no…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-08-28 Miguel Alcubierre , Juan Barranco , Argelia Bernal , Juan Carlos Degollado , Alberto Diez-Tejedor , Miguel Megevand , Dario Nunez , Olivier Sarbach

We consider a model consists of the Einstein gravity in four-dimensional spacetime, a Proca field and two Dirac fields through minimum coupling. By numerically solving this model, we obtain two types of solutions: synchronized frequency…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-22 Tian-Xiang Ma , Chen Liang , Ji-Rong Ren , Yong-Qiang Wang

Ultracompact spinning horizonless spacetimes with ergoregions are subject to the ergoregion instability. We systematically investigate the instability of a massless scalar field in a variety of rapidly spinning Proca stars and boson stars…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-15 Nils Siemonsen

We study the nonlinear radial stability of boson stars with a solitonic potential across the entire parameter space, focusing especially on families of solutions that support ultracompact models on the perturbatively stable branch. Using a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-05 Gareth Arturo Marks

We consider strongly gravitating configurations consisting of coupled real Higgs scalar field and vector (Proca) field of mass $\mu_P$. For such a system, we find static regular axially symmetric solutions describing asymptotically flat…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-11-11 Vladimir Dzhunushaliev , Vladimir Folomeev

The generalized SU(2) Proca theory is a vector-tensor modified gravity theory characterized by an action that remains invariant under both diffeomorphisms and global internal transformations of the SU(2) group. This study aims to further…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-27 Jhan N. Martinez , Jose F. Rodriguez , Laura M. Becerra , Yeinzon Rodriguez , Gabriel Gomez

Spherical Proca Stars (PSs) are regarded as the ground state amongst the family of PSs. In accordance, spherical PSs are thought to have a fundamental branch of stable solutions. In this Letter, we provide energetic, morphological and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-29 C. A. R. Herdeiro , E. Radu , N. Sanchis-Gual , N. M. Santos , E. dos Santos Costa Filho

We study the stability of rotating scalar boson stars, comparing those made from a simple massive complex scalar (referred to as mini boson stars), to those with several different types of nonlinear interactions. To that end, we numerically…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-02-16 Nils Siemonsen , William E. East

Bosonic stars represent a hypothetical exotic type of compact stellar objects that could be observed from the gravitational signal of coalescing binaries in current and future gravitational wave detectors. There are two main families of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-05 Christoph Adam , Jorge Castelo Mourelle , Etevaldo dos Santos Costa Filho , Carlos A. R. Herdeiro , Andrzej Wereszczynski

Proca stars (arXiv:1508.05395) are everywhere regular, asymptotically flat self-gravitating solitons composed of complex, massive vector bosons, forming a macroscopic, star-sized, Bose-Einstein condensate. They have been suggested as a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-08-19 Carlos A. R. Herdeiro , Grigoris Panotopoulos , Eugen Radu

We investigate Proca star (PS) solutions, namely boson star (BS) type solutions for a complex vector field with mass and nonminimal coupling to the Einstein tensor. Irrespective of the existence of nonminimal coupling, PS solutions are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-08-18 Masato Minamitsuji

Recent fully non-linear simulations of ultracompact spherically symmetric boson stars have presented evidence for their long-term stability. All observed dynamics could be mainly attributed to the fundamental radial mode. In this work, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-06 Seppe J. Staelens

Non-topological solitons such as Q-balls and Q-shells have been studied for scalar fields invariant under global and gauged U(1) symmetries. We generalize this framework to include a Proca mass for the gauge boson, which can arise either…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-10-15 Julian Heeck , Arvind Rajaraman , Rebecca Riley , Christopher B. Verhaaren

In this paper we consider families of solutions for excited states of Proca stars in spherical symmetry. We focus on the first two excited configurations and perform a series of fully non-linear dynamical simulations in order to study their…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-28 Carlos Joaquin , Miguel Alcubierre

We study numerically the nonlinear stability of {\it excited} fermion-boson stars in spherical symmetry. Such compound hypothetical stars, composed by fermions and bosons, are gravitationally bound, regular, and static configurations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-09-22 Fabrizio Di Giovanni , Saeed Fakhry , Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , Juan Carlos Degollado , José A. Font

The superradiant growth of massive vector fields in rotating black hole spacetimes has garnered significant attention in recent literature. However, the majority of these studies overlook the influence of a cosmological constant, which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-18 Shaun David Brocus Fell , Lavinia Heisenberg

We use a modified Einstein-Maxwell gravity to study stability of an electrostatic spherical star. Correction terms in this model are scalers which are made from contraction of Ricci tensor and electromagnetic vector potential. Our…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-05 Hossein Ghaffarnejad , Tohid Ghorbani , Firoozeh Eidizadeh

In this paper, we study gauged solutions associated to a massive vector field representing a spin-one condensate, namely the Proca field. We focus on regular spherically-symmetric solutions which we construct either using a self-interaction…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-11-22 Federico García , Ignacio Salazar Landea