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Related papers: A Formal Refutation of the Blockchain Trilemma

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This paper presents a comprehensive refutation of the so-called "blockchain trilemma," a widely cited but formally ungrounded claim asserting an inherent trade-off between decentralisation, security, and scalability in blockchain protocols.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Craig Wright

Public blockchains should be able to scale with respect to the number of nodes and to the transactions workload. The blockchain scalability trilemma has been informally conjectured. This is related to scalability, security and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Gianmaria Del Monte , Diego Pennino , Maurizio Pizzonia

The blockchain trilemma highlights the difficulty of simultaneously achieving a high degree of decentralization (DoD), scalability, and security in blockchain systems. While numerous constructs and metrics have been proposed to analyze…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Mansur Masama Aliyu , Niclas Kannengießer , Ali Sunyaev

The vast majority of applications at this moment rely on centralized servers to relay messages between clients, where these servers are considered trusted third-parties. With the rise of blockchain technologies over the last few years,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Harry Halpin

Blockchain design involves many tradeoffs, and much debate has focused on tradeoffs related to scaling parameters such as blocksize. To address some of the confusion around this subject, we present a probability proof of the DCS Triangle.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Greg Slepak , Anya Petrova

Blockchain is a type of decentralized distributed network which acts as an immutable digital ledger. Despite the absence of any central governing authority to validate the blocks in the ledger, it is considered secure and immutable due to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Shashank Joshi

Decentralized cryptocurrency systems, known as blockchains, have shown promise as infrastructure for mutually distrustful parties to agree on transactions safely. However, Bitcoin-derived blockchains and their variants suffer from the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Han Wang , Hui Li , Zixian Wang , Baofu Han , Minglong Zhang , Peter Han Joo Chong , Xiaoli Chu , Yang Liu , Soung-Yue Liew , Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that ensures transparency, security, and immutability through cryptographic techniques. However, advancements in quantum computing threaten the security of classical cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos

We develop a model of coordination and allocation of decentralized multi-sided markets, in which our theoretical analysis is promisingly optimizing the decentralized transaction packaging process at high-throughput blockchains or Web 3.0…

General Economics · Economics 2023-01-27 Yuxuan Lu , Qian Qi , Xi Chen

Decentralization, which has backed the hyper growth of many blockchains, comes at the cost of scalability. To understand this fundamental limitation, this paper proposes a quantitative measure of blockchain decentralization, and discusses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-09 Shumo Chu , Sophia Wang

Smart contracts, the cornerstone of blockchain technology, enable secure, automated distributed execution. Given their role in handling large transaction volumes across clients, miners, and validators, exploring concurrency is critical.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Atefeh Zareh Chahoki , Maurice Herlihy , Marco Roveri

This research critically analyses blockchain scaling solutions based on their ability to realistically balance the properties of the blockchain trilemma. We have concluded this research by outlining a gap in the current body of literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Frazer Chard , Cayo Fletcher-Smith

Blockchain adoption is reaching an all-time high, with a plethora of blockchain architectures being developed to cover the needs of applications eager to integrate blockchain into their operations. However, blockchain systems suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Georgios Diamantopoulos , Nikos Tziritas , Rami Bahsoon , Nan Zhang , Georgios Theodoropoulos

In the past decade, blockchain has shown a promising vision greatly to build the trust without any powerful third party in a secure, decentralized and salable manner. However, due to the wide application and future development from…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Bin Cao , Zixin Wang , Long Zhang , Daquan Feng , Mugen Peng , Lei Zhang

Blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. This technology enables cryptographically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-25 AKM Bahalul Haque , Mahbubur Rahman

This paper addresses the issue of blockchain protocol risks, a foundational category of risks affecting Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) which underpins digital assets, smart contracts, and decentralised applications. It presents a…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-18 Alex Nathan , Dimosthenis Kaponis , Saul Lustgarten

Recent advances in the blockchain research have been made in two important directions. One is refined resilience analysis utilizing game theory to study the consequences of selfish behaviors of users (miners), and the other is the extension…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Lin Chen , Lei Xu , Zhimin Gao , Ahmed Sunny , Keshav Kasichainula , Weidong Shi

Many aspects of blockchain-based decentralized finance can be understood as an extension of classical distributed computing. In this paper, we trace the evolution of two interrelated notions: failure and fault-tolerance. In classical…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Daniel Engel , Maurice Herlihy , Yingjie Xue

Blockchain is a disruptive technology intended at implementing secure decentralized distributed systems, in which transactional data can be shared, stored and verified by participants of a system using cryptographic and consensus…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Sabreen Ahmadjee , Rami Bahsoon

Transaction throughput, confirmation latency and confirmation reliability are fundamental performance measures of any blockchain system in addition to its security. In a decentralized setting, these measures are limited by two underlying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Vivek Bagaria , Sreeram Kannan , David Tse , Giulia Fanti , Pramod Viswanath
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